_:b416949514 . _:b416950341 "3"^^ . _:b416951502 . _:b416950548 . _:b416950947 . _:b416949525 . _:b416950340 "3"^^ . _:b416951497 . _:b416950026 . _:b416949524 . _:b416950343 "3"^^ . _:b416951496 . . _:b416949527 . _:b416950342 "3"^^ . _:b416951499 . _:b416949526 . _:b416950337 "3"^^ . . _:b416949991 . _:b416951498 . _:b416949521 . _:b416950336 "3"^^ . _:b416951509 . _:b416949520 . _:b416950339 "3"^^ . _:b416951508 . . _:b416950076 . _:b416949523 . _:b416950338 "3"^^ . _:b416949829 . _:b416951511 . _:b416949522 . _:b416950349 "3"^^ . _:b416951510 . _:b416949533 . _:b416950348 "3"^^ . . _:b416951505 . . _:b416950351 "2"^^ . _:b416949532 . _:b416950232 . _:b416951504 . _:b416951304 . . . _:b416950433 . _:b416950350 "2"^^ . . _:b416949535 . . _:b416951507 . _:b416949534 . _:b416951375 . _:b416950345 "3"^^ . . _:b416951506 . _:b416950488 . _:b416949529 . _:b416950344 "3"^^ . . _:b416951517 . . _:b416949528 . _:b416950347 "3"^^ . _:b416949586 . _:b416951516 . _:b6279031 "Full-length 16S rDNA sequences were amplified from these samples, generating a pool of PCR products representing the entire complex mixture of bacteria >>24<<. Subclones were sequenced and analyzed using the Ribosomal Database Project II (RDP) classifier (Supplementary Tables 1a,b). To estimate microbial diversity, Shannon diversity indices (Table 1), rarefaction curves, and operational" . _:b416949756 . _:b416951245 . . _:b416950346 "3"^^ . _:b416949531 . _:b416951519 . _:b416950357 "2"^^ . _:b416950421 . _:b416949530 . _:b416951518 . . _:b416950356 "2"^^ . _:b6279044 . _:b416949541 . _:b416951513 . _:b416950359 "2"^^ . _:b416949540 . _:b6279102 "Thus, loss of DEFA5, either specifically 23 or through global Paneth cell abnormalities>>21<<, 22, could skew mucosal responses towards a proinflammatory phenotype." . _:b416951291 . _:b416951512 . . _:b416950358 "2"^^ . . _:b416949543 . _:b416951515 . . _:b416950353 "2"^^ . _:b416949542 . _:b416949480 . _:b416951514 . _:b416950352 "2"^^ . _:b416949537 . _:b416949574 . _:b416951525 . . _:b416950355 "2"^^ . _:b416949536 . _:b416949583 . _:b416951524 . _:b416950459 . _:b416950354 "2"^^ . _:b416949539 . _:b416950203 . _:b416951527 . _:b416949797 . _:b416950365 "2"^^ . _:b416949538 . _:b416951526 . . _:b416950364 "2"^^ . _:b416949549 . . _:b416951521 . . _:b416950367 "2"^^ . _:b6279059 . _:b416949548 . _:b416951110 . . _:b416951520 . _:b416950366 "2"^^ . _:b416949551 . . _:b416951523 . _:b416950361 "2"^^ . _:b416949550 . _:b416950857 . _:b416951522 . _:b416950294 . _:b416951423 . _:b416950360 "2"^^ . _:b416949545 . . _:b416951533 . . _:b416950363 "2"^^ . _:b416949544 . . _:b416951532 . _:b416950362 "2"^^ . _:b416949547 . _:b416951535 . _:b416950070 . _:b416949553 . _:b416950373 "2"^^ . _:b416949546 . _:b416950528 . _:b416951534 . _:b416951188 . _:b416950372 "2"^^ . _:b6279060 . _:b416949557 . _:b416951529 . . _:b416950306 . _:b416950375 "2"^^ . _:b416949556 . _:b416951528 . _:b416949892 . _:b416950262 . _:b416950374 "2"^^ . _:b416949559 . _:b416950965 . . _:b416951531 . _:b416950369 "2"^^ . _:b416949558 . _:b416949724 . _:b416951530 . _:b416950368 "2"^^ . _:b6279055 "This is consistent with recent findings>>37<< demonstrating that although Paneth cells were able to sense gut commensals via TLRs, Paneth cells were not involved in regulating total bacterial numbers in the gut." . _:b416949553 . _:b416951541 . . . _:b416950594 . _:b416950371 "2"^^ . . _:b416949552 . _:b416951540 . _:b416951504 . . _:b416950370 "2"^^ . . _:b416949555 . _:b416949852 . _:b416951543 . . _:b416950381 "2"^^ . _:b416949554 . _:b416951542 . _:b416950380 "2"^^ . _:b416949565 . . _:b416949955 . _:b416951537 . . _:b416950383 "2"^^ . _:b416949564 . _:b416951536 . . _:b416950382 "2"^^ . _:b416949567 . _:b416951539 . _:b416950377 "2"^^ . _:b416950720 . _:b416949566 . _:b416950849 . . _:b416951538 . _:b416949743 . _:b416950376 "2"^^ . _:b416949561 . _:b416951549 . _:b416950379 "2"^^ . _:b6279056 "Recent work demonstrated that the composition of the microbiome can influence the differentiation of IL-17-producing T (TH17) cells in the small intestinal mucosa >>38<<. To determine if Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins modulate mucosal T cell responses by regulating the composition of the microbiome, lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) were isolated from the distal 15 cm of the small intestine of DEFA5 tg (+/+) and" . _:b416949560 . _:b416951033 . _:b416951548 . _:b6279070 "Lymphocytes were stained for cell surface CD4 (RM4\u20135), intracellular IL-17A (TC11-4718H10.1) and intracellular IFN- \u03B3 (XMG1.2) in a buffer containing Brefeldin A as described >>50<<. Flow cytometry data was collected on a BD\u2122LSR II (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using FlowJo\u2122 software." . . . _:b416950378 "2"^^ . _:b416949563 . _:b416951551 . _:b416950389 "2"^^ . _:b416949562 . _:b416951550 . _:b6279030 "results" . _:b416950388 "2"^^ . _:b416949573 . . _:b416951545 . . . _:b416950414 . . _:b416950281 . _:b6279083 . _:b416950391 "2"^^ . _:b416949572 . _:b416951544 . . _:b416950390 "2"^^ . _:b416949575 . _:b416950229 . _:b416950323 . _:b416951547 . _:b416951212 . _:b416950385 "2"^^ . _:b416951156 . _:b416949574 . _:b416950861 . _:b416950268 . _:b416951546 . . _:b416950890 . _:b416950384 "2"^^ . _:b416949569 . _:b416951217 . . _:b416951045 . . _:b416950387 "2"^^ . . _:b416949568 . _:b416951044 . _:b416951225 . _:b416950064 . _:b416950386 "2"^^ . _:b416949571 . _:b416951047 . _:b416950397 "2"^^ . _:b6279085 . _:b416949570 . _:b416951046 . _:b416949652 . _:b416950396 "2"^^ . _:b416949581 . _:b416950270 . _:b416951041 . . _:b416950399 "2"^^ . _:b416949580 . . _:b416951040 . _:b416950398 "2"^^ . _:b416949583 . _:b416951043 . . _:b416950393 "2"^^ . _:b416949582 . _:b416951042 . _:b416950392 "2"^^ . _:b416949577 . _:b416951053 . . _:b416950395 "2"^^ . _:b416949576 . _:b416951052 . _:b416950394 "2"^^ . _:b416951246 . _:b416949579 . _:b416950426 . _:b416951055 . _:b416950405 "2"^^ . _:b416949578 . . _:b416951054 . _:b416949689 . _:b416950404 "2"^^ . _:b416950330 . _:b416949589 . _:b416950077 . _:b416951049 . _:b416950236 . _:b416950407 "2"^^ . _:b416949588 . _:b416951048 . _:b416950406 "2"^^ . _:b416949591 . _:b416951051 . _:b416950401 "2"^^ . _:b416949590 . _:b416949521 . _:b416951050 . . _:b416950400 "2"^^ . _:b416949585 . _:b416951061 . . _:b416950403 "2"^^ . _:b416950927 . _:b416949584 . _:b416950400 . _:b416951060 . _:b416950402 "2"^^ . _:b416949587 . _:b416951063 . _:b416950436 . . _:b416950413 "2"^^ . _:b416949586 . _:b416951062 . . . _:b416950412 "2"^^ . _:b416949597 . . . _:b416951057 . . _:b416950415 "2"^^ . _:b416949596 . _:b416951056 . _:b416949696 . _:b416950414 "2"^^ . _:b416949599 . . _:b416951059 . _:b416950409 "2"^^ . _:b416949598 . _:b416951058 . _:b416949716 . _:b416950723 . _:b416950408 "2"^^ . _:b416949593 . _:b416951069 . . _:b416950411 "2"^^ . _:b416949592 . . _:b416951068 . _:b416951249 . _:b416950410 "2"^^ . _:b416949595 . _:b416951071 . _:b6279057 . _:b416950421 "2"^^ . _:b416949594 . _:b416951070 . _:b416950420 "2"^^ . _:b416949605 . _:b416951065 . _:b416950423 "2"^^ . _:b416949604 . . . _:b416951064 . . _:b416949876 . . _:b416950422 "2"^^ . _:b416949607 . _:b6279071 . _:b416951067 . _:b416950417 "2"^^ . _:b416949606 . . _:b416951066 . . _:b416951095 . _:b416950416 "2"^^ . _:b416949601 . _:b416951077 . _:b416950419 "2"^^ . _:b416951071 . _:b416949600 . . _:b416951076 . _:b416950418 "2"^^ . _:b416949603 . _:b416951079 . _:b416950429 "2"^^ . _:b416949602 . _:b416951078 . _:b416950428 "2"^^ . _:b416949613 . _:b416951073 . _:b416951158 . . _:b416950431 "2"^^ . _:b416949612 . . _:b416951072 . . _:b416951129 . _:b416950430 "2"^^ . _:b416949615 . . _:b416951075 . _:b416950694 . _:b416950425 "2"^^ . _:b416949614 . . . _:b416951074 . _:b416950424 "2"^^ . _:b416949609 . . _:b416951085 . _:b416950427 "2"^^ . _:b416949608 . . _:b416951084 . _:b416950426 "2"^^ . _:b416949611 . . _:b416951087 . . _:b416950437 "2"^^ . _:b416949610 . _:b416951086 . _:b416950436 "2"^^ . _:b416949621 . _:b416951081 . _:b416950439 "2"^^ . _:b416949620 . _:b416951080 . _:b416950170 . _:b416950438 "2"^^ . _:b416949623 . _:b416951083 . _:b416950433 "2"^^ . _:b416949462 . _:b416949622 . _:b416951082 . _:b416950432 "2"^^ . _:b416949617 . _:b416951093 . _:b6279037 "An inversion of the Firmicute/Bacteroidetes ratio, with higher Firmicutes than Bacteroidetes, has been associated with obesity in both animals and humans 9, >>26<<\u201328. In addition, blooms of Mollicute populations, a subclass of the Tenericutes, have been noted in obese animals28." . _:b416951114 . _:b416950435 "2"^^ . _:b416949616 . _:b416950009 . _:b416951092 . _:b416949629 . _:b416951028 . _:b416950434 "2"^^ . _:b416949619 . _:b416951095 . _:b416950445 "2"^^ . _:b416951392 . _:b416949618 . _:b416949929 . _:b416951094 . . _:b416950444 "2"^^ . _:b6279073 . _:b416949629 . _:b416951089 . . _:b416950447 "2"^^ . _:b416949628 . . _:b416951088 . _:b416950446 "2"^^ . _:b416949631 . _:b416951091 . _:b416950441 "2"^^ . _:b416949630 . _:b416950144 . _:b416951090 . . _:b416950440 "2"^^ . _:b416951086 . _:b416949625 . . _:b416951101 . _:b416951243 . . _:b416950885 . _:b416950443 "2"^^ . . _:b416949624 . . . _:b416951100 . . _:b416950442 "2"^^ . _:b416949627 . _:b416951262 . . . _:b416951103 . _:b416950453 "2"^^ . _:b416949626 . _:b416950790 . _:b416950527 . _:b416951102 . _:b416949551 . _:b416950575 . _:b416950452 "2"^^ . _:b416949637 . _:b416951097 . _:b416949942 . _:b416950455 "2"^^ . _:b416949636 . _:b416950535 . . _:b416951096 . . _:b416950454 "2"^^ . _:b416949639 . _:b6279017 . _:b416951099 . . _:b416951314 . _:b416951039 . _:b416950449 "2"^^ . _:b416949638 . . _:b416951098 . . _:b416950905 . _:b416950448 "2"^^ . _:b416949633 . _:b416950158 . _:b416951109 . _:b416950451 "2"^^ . _:b416949632 . _:b416951108 . _:b416949517 . _:b416950450 "2"^^ . _:b416949635 . _:b416951111 . _:b416950461 "2"^^ . _:b416949634 . _:b416950839 . . _:b416951110 . . . _:b416950460 "2"^^ . _:b416949645 . _:b416949982 . _:b416951105 . . _:b416949741 . _:b416950463 "2"^^ . _:b416949675 . _:b416949644 . _:b416951104 . _:b416950462 "2"^^ . _:b416949647 . . _:b416951107 . _:b416950457 "2"^^ . _:b416949646 . _:b416951106 . _:b416950456 "2"^^ . _:b416949641 . _:b416951027 . _:b416951117 . _:b416950459 "2"^^ . _:b416949640 . _:b416951116 . . _:b416950458 "2"^^ . _:b416949643 . _:b416950346 . _:b416951119 . _:b416950469 "2"^^ . _:b416949642 . . _:b416951118 . . _:b416950468 "2"^^ . _:b416949653 . _:b416951507 . . _:b416951113 . . _:b416950990 . . _:b6279077 "Other recent investigations have demonstrated that hosts including mice 9, 37, drosophila >>10<<, and zebrafish 8 are involved in establishing the composition of their intestinal microbiomes." . _:b416950471 "2"^^ . _:b416949652 . _:b416950299 . . _:b416951112 . . _:b416950470 "2"^^ . _:b416949655 . _:b416951115 . _:b416950465 "2"^^ . _:b416950813 . _:b416949654 . _:b416951114 . _:b416950651 . _:b416950464 "2"^^ . _:b416951557 . _:b416949649 . . _:b416951125 . _:b416950467 "2"^^ . _:b416949648 . _:b416950146 . _:b416951124 . _:b416950466 "2"^^ . _:b416949651 . _:b416951404 . _:b416949489 . _:b416951127 . . . _:b416950477 "2"^^ . _:b416949650 . _:b416951126 . _:b416950476 "2"^^ . _:b416950740 . _:b6279030 . _:b416950361 . _:b416949661 . _:b416951121 . . _:b416950479 "2"^^ . _:b416949660 . _:b416951120 . _:b416950478 "2"^^ . _:b416949663 . _:b416951123 . _:b416950473 "2"^^ . _:b416949662 . . _:b416951122 . . . _:b416950472 "2"^^ . _:b6279014 . . _:b416949657 . . _:b416951133 . _:b416950475 "2"^^ . _:b416951269 . _:b416949656 . . _:b416951132 . . _:b416950474 "2"^^ . _:b416949659 . _:b416951135 . _:b416950485 "2"^^ . . _:b416950896 . _:b416949658 . _:b416951134 . . _:b6279099 . _:b416950484 "2"^^ . _:b416949669 . _:b416950471 . _:b416951129 . _:b416949748 . _:b416950487 "2"^^ . _:b416949668 . _:b416951128 . _:b416951235 . _:b416951209 . _:b416950486 "2"^^ . _:b416949671 . . _:b416951131 . _:b416949623 . _:b416950481 "2"^^ . _:b416949670 . _:b416951130 . _:b416950156 . _:b416949957 . _:b416950480 "2"^^ . _:b416949665 . _:b416949906 . _:b416951141 . _:b416950483 "2"^^ . _:b416951023 . _:b416949664 . _:b416951140 . _:b416950482 "2"^^ . _:b416949667 . _:b416951143 . _:b416950097 . _:b416950442 . _:b416950493 "2"^^ . _:b416949666 . _:b416951142 . . . _:b416950492 "2"^^ . _:b416950982 . _:b416950817 . _:b416949677 . . _:b416951137 . _:b416950495 "2"^^ . _:b416949676 . . _:b416951136 . . _:b416950494 "2"^^ . _:b416949679 . _:b416950051 . _:b416951139 . . _:b416950489 "2"^^ . _:b416949678 . _:b416951138 . . _:b416950488 "2"^^ . _:b416949673 . . _:b416951149 . _:b416950491 "2"^^ . _:b416949672 . . _:b416951148 . . _:b416951490 . _:b416950490 "2"^^ . _:b416949675 . _:b416951151 . _:b416949571 . _:b416950391 . _:b416950501 "2"^^ . _:b416950715 . _:b416949674 . _:b416950751 . _:b416951150 . . _:b416950500 "2"^^ . _:b416949685 . _:b416951145 . _:b416950503 "2"^^ . _:b416949684 . _:b416951144 . _:b416950502 "2"^^ . _:b416949687 . _:b416951147 . _:b416950194 . . _:b416951016 . _:b416950497 "2"^^ . . . _:b416949686 . _:b416951146 . _:b416950496 "2"^^ . _:b416949681 . . _:b416951157 . . _:b416950499 "2"^^ . _:b416949680 . _:b416951156 . _:b416950498 "2"^^ . _:b416950895 . _:b416949683 . _:b416949992 . _:b416951159 . _:b416950516 . _:b416950195 . _:b416950509 "2"^^ . _:b416949682 . _:b416949448 . _:b416951158 . _:b416950508 "2"^^ . _:b416949693 . . . _:b416951153 . . _:b416950511 "2"^^ . . _:b416949692 . _:b416951152 . . _:b416950510 "2"^^ . _:b416949695 . _:b416951155 . . _:b416950505 "2"^^ . _:b416949694 . _:b416950408 . . _:b416951154 . _:b416950504 "2"^^ . _:b416949689 . . _:b416951165 . . _:b416950507 "2"^^ . _:b416949688 . _:b416951164 . _:b416950506 "2"^^ . . _:b416950614 . _:b416949691 . _:b416951167 . _:b416950517 "2"^^ . _:b416949690 . _:b416951166 . _:b416950516 "2"^^ . _:b416949701 . . _:b416951161 . _:b416950519 "2"^^ . _:b416950757 . _:b416949700 . _:b416951160 . . _:b416950518 "2"^^ . _:b416949703 . . _:b416951163 . . _:b416950513 "2"^^ . . _:b416949702 . _:b416951162 . _:b416950512 "2"^^ . _:b416951044 . _:b416949697 . . _:b416951173 . . _:b416949673 . _:b416950515 "2"^^ . _:b416949696 . _:b416951172 . . _:b416949776 . _:b416950514 "2"^^ . _:b416949699 . . _:b416951175 . . _:b416950525 "2"^^ . _:b416949698 . _:b416951174 . . _:b416950524 "2"^^ . _:b416949709 . _:b416951169 . _:b416950527 "2"^^ . _:b416949708 . _:b416951168 . _:b416949625 . _:b416950803 . _:b416950526 "2"^^ . _:b416949711 . _:b416951171 . _:b416950521 "2"^^ . _:b416949710 . _:b416949862 . _:b416951170 . . _:b416950520 "2"^^ . _:b416949705 . _:b416951181 . . _:b416950737 . _:b416950523 "2"^^ . _:b416949704 . _:b416951180 . _:b416950522 "2"^^ . _:b416949707 . . _:b416951183 . _:b416951050 . _:b416950533 "2"^^ . _:b416949706 . _:b416949603 . . _:b416951182 . _:b416950607 . _:b416950532 "2"^^ . _:b416949717 . _:b416951177 . _:b416950535 "2"^^ . _:b416949716 . _:b416951176 . . _:b416950018 . _:b416950534 "2"^^ . _:b416949719 . _:b416950176 . _:b416951179 . _:b416950783 . _:b416950529 "2"^^ . _:b416949718 . _:b416951178 . _:b416950528 "2"^^ . _:b416949713 . _:b416949788 . . _:b416951189 . _:b416950531 "2"^^ . _:b416949712 . _:b416951188 . . _:b416950530 "2"^^ . _:b416949715 . _:b416951009 . . _:b416951191 . _:b416950541 "2"^^ . _:b416949714 . . _:b416951190 . _:b416950540 "2"^^ . _:b416949725 . . . _:b416951185 . . _:b416950768 . _:b416950543 "2"^^ . _:b416949724 . _:b416951184 . _:b416950542 "2"^^ . _:b416949727 . _:b416951187 . . _:b416950819 . _:b416950175 . _:b416950537 "2"^^ . . _:b416951511 . _:b416950238 . _:b416949726 . _:b416951186 . _:b416949555 . _:b416950536 "2"^^ . _:b416949721 . _:b416949656 . . _:b416951197 . _:b416951074 . _:b416950539 "2"^^ . _:b416949720 . _:b416950418 . _:b416951196 . _:b416950538 "2"^^ . _:b416949723 . _:b416951199 . _:b416950549 "2"^^ . _:b6279092 "This human \u03B1-defensin does not have a clear orthologue in mice and has an antimicrobial spectrum that is somewhat distinct from the murine crypt \u03B1-defensins >>45<<. Nevertheless, the data generated using these two reciprocal mouse models strongly support the hypothesis that Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins have at least two key roles at the mucosal interface: protection from enteric pathogens and homeostatic" . . _:b416949722 . _:b416951198 . _:b416950548 "2"^^ . . _:b416949733 . _:b416951193 . _:b416950551 "2"^^ . _:b416949732 . . . _:b416951192 . _:b416949514 . _:b416950550 "2"^^ . _:b416949735 . . _:b416951195 . _:b416950041 . _:b416950545 "2"^^ . _:b416949734 . _:b416950079 . _:b416951194 . _:b416949845 . _:b416951228 . . _:b416950544 "2"^^ . _:b416949729 . _:b416951205 . _:b416950547 "2"^^ . _:b416949728 . _:b416951204 . _:b416950546 "2"^^ . _:b416949731 . _:b416951207 . _:b416950557 "2"^^ . _:b416949730 . _:b416950753 . _:b416951206 . _:b416950556 "2"^^ . _:b416949741 . . _:b416951201 . . _:b416950559 "2"^^ . . _:b416949740 . _:b416951200 . _:b416950558 "2"^^ . _:b416949743 . . _:b416951203 . . _:b416950553 "2"^^ . _:b416949742 . _:b416951202 . _:b416950552 "2"^^ . _:b416949737 . _:b416950397 . . _:b416951213 . _:b416950412 . _:b416950007 . _:b416950555 "2"^^ . _:b416949736 . _:b416951212 . _:b416950554 "2"^^ . _:b6279093 "The chronic mucosal inflammation of Crohn\u2019s disease is hypothesized to result from an inappropriate and ongoing activation of the immune system driven by the bacterial microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals >>46<<. Several studies have characterized abnormalities in the colonizing microbiota in Crohn\u2019s disease46, supporting the notion that an imbalance of the host-microbe homeostasis at the intestinal mucosa may underlie dysbiosis and disease" . _:b416949739 . _:b416949526 . _:b416951215 . _:b416950565 "2"^^ . . _:b416949738 . _:b416951214 . . _:b416950564 "2"^^ . _:b416949749 . . _:b416951209 . _:b416949920 . _:b416949685 . _:b416950567 "2"^^ . _:b416949748 . _:b416951208 . _:b416950566 "2"^^ . _:b416950830 . _:b416949751 . _:b416950543 . _:b416951211 . _:b416950561 "2"^^ . _:b416949750 . _:b416951081 . _:b416951210 . . _:b416950560 "2"^^ . _:b416949745 . _:b416951221 . . _:b416950563 "2"^^ . . _:b416949744 . _:b416951220 . _:b416950562 "2"^^ . _:b416949747 . _:b416949695 . _:b416950029 . _:b416951223 . . _:b416950573 "2"^^ . _:b416949746 . _:b416951222 . . _:b416950572 "2"^^ . _:b416949757 . _:b416951217 . _:b416950575 "2"^^ . _:b416949756 . _:b416950812 . _:b416951216 . _:b416950371 . _:b416950574 "2"^^ . _:b416949759 . _:b416951219 . _:b416950569 "2"^^ . _:b416949758 . . _:b416951218 . _:b416950568 "2"^^ . _:b416949753 . _:b416951229 . . . _:b416950571 "2"^^ . _:b416949752 . . _:b416951228 . . _:b6279063 "FISH was done by the method of Swidsinski et al >>36<<. As previously described for SFB 47 using a combination of 6Fam labeled SFB specific oligo (SFB1008 6Fam-GCGAGCTTCCCTCATTACAAGG, 29) and TR-labeled universal bacterial probe (Bact338 TR-GCTGCCTCCGTAGGAGT) (Operon Technologies)." . _:b416950570 "2"^^ . _:b416949755 . _:b416951231 . _:b416950581 "2"^^ . _:b416949754 . _:b416951230 . _:b416950580 "2"^^ . _:b416951225 . _:b416950583 "2"^^ . . . _:b416951224 . . . _:b416950582 "2"^^ . _:b416950138 . _:b416951227 . _:b416950545 . _:b416950577 "2"^^ . _:b416950328 . _:b416951226 . _:b416950576 "2"^^ . _:b416951237 . _:b416951435 . _:b416951580 . _:b416950579 "2"^^ . _:b6279023 . . _:b416951236 . _:b416950578 "2"^^ . _:b416950595 . _:b416951239 . _:b416949731 . _:b416950589 "2"^^ . . _:b416951238 . . _:b6279051 "Abnormal expansion of this bacterium has been noted in IgA deficient mice >>13<< and its continuous presence in the small intestine has been associated with the inability to produce immunoglobulins." . . _:b416950588 "2"^^ . _:b416951233 . _:b416950591 "2"^^ . _:b416951232 . _:b416950590 "2"^^ . _:b6279026 . _:b416950831 . _:b416951235 . _:b416949836 . _:b416951396 . _:b416950585 "2"^^ . _:b416950738 . . _:b416951234 . _:b416950584 "2"^^ . _:b416949581 . _:b416950223 . . _:b416951245 . _:b416950429 . _:b416949752 . _:b416950587 "2"^^ . _:b416950835 . _:b416951244 . _:b416950245 . _:b416950586 "2"^^ . _:b416951247 . _:b416950597 "2"^^ . _:b416949799 . . _:b416951246 . _:b416951491 . _:b416950596 "2"^^ . _:b416951241 . . _:b416950599 "2"^^ . _:b416950061 . _:b416951240 . . _:b416950598 "2"^^ . . _:b416951243 . _:b416950593 "2"^^ . . _:b416951242 . _:b416950592 "2"^^ . _:b416951253 . . _:b416950595 "2"^^ . _:b416951252 . . _:b416950594 "2"^^ . _:b416951255 . _:b416949928 . _:b416950003 . _:b416950605 "2"^^ . _:b416950244 . _:b416950359 . _:b416951254 . _:b416950602 . _:b416950604 "2"^^ . . _:b416951249 . _:b416950607 "2"^^ . _:b416951248 . . _:b416950284 . . _:b416950606 "2"^^ . _:b416951328 . . _:b416951251 . _:b416949976 . _:b416950601 "2"^^ . . _:b416951250 . _:b416950063 . _:b416950600 "2"^^ . _:b416949660 . _:b416951261 . . . _:b416950603 "2"^^ . _:b416949537 . _:b416951260 . . _:b416950602 "2"^^ . _:b416951263 . . _:b416950613 "2"^^ . _:b416951262 . _:b416950612 "2"^^ . _:b416951257 . . . _:b416950615 "2"^^ . . _:b416951256 . _:b416949802 . _:b416950614 "2"^^ . _:b416950388 . _:b416951259 . _:b416949801 . _:b416950609 "2"^^ . _:b416951258 . _:b416949990 . _:b416950416 . _:b416950608 "2"^^ . _:b416949814 . _:b416951269 . . _:b416950611 "2"^^ . _:b416951268 . _:b416950610 "2"^^ . _:b416951271 . _:b416950911 . . _:b416950621 "2"^^ . . . _:b416951270 . . _:b416950620 "2"^^ . _:b416951265 . _:b6279069 "Lymphocytes were stained for cell surface CD4 (RM4\u20135), intracellular IL-17A (TC11->>47<<18H10.1) and intracellular IFN- \u03B3 (XMG1.2) in a buffer containing Brefeldin A as described 50." . . _:b416950623 "2"^^ . . _:b416951541 . _:b416951264 . . _:b416950622 "2"^^ . _:b416951267 . _:b416951481 . . _:b416949796 . _:b416950617 "2"^^ . _:b416950186 . _:b416951408 . _:b416951266 . . . _:b416951513 . _:b416950616 "2"^^ . _:b416950563 . _:b416950760 . _:b416951277 . _:b416950619 "2"^^ . _:b416951276 . . _:b416950618 "2"^^ . . _:b416951279 . _:b416950629 "2"^^ . . _:b416951278 . _:b416950838 . . _:b416950628 "2"^^ . . _:b416950894 . _:b416951273 . _:b416949838 . . . _:b416950631 "2"^^ . . _:b416950500 . _:b416951272 . _:b416950630 "2"^^ . _:b416951275 . _:b416950074 . . _:b416950625 "2"^^ . _:b416951274 . . _:b416950624 "2"^^ . _:b416949751 . _:b416951285 . . . . _:b416950162 . _:b416950627 "2"^^ . _:b416950083 . . _:b416951284 . . _:b416950626 "2"^^ . _:b416951287 . _:b416950637 "2"^^ . _:b416950338 . _:b416951286 . . _:b416950636 "2"^^ . _:b416951281 . . _:b416950639 "2"^^ . _:b416951280 . _:b416950638 "2"^^ . _:b416949840 . _:b416951283 . _:b416950633 "2"^^ . . _:b416951282 . _:b416950632 "2"^^ . _:b416951293 . . _:b416951087 . _:b416950635 "2"^^ . _:b416950444 . _:b416951292 . _:b416950634 "2"^^ . _:b416950752 . _:b416949604 . _:b416951295 . _:b416950645 "2"^^ . _:b416951294 . . _:b416950644 "2"^^ . _:b416951037 . _:b416951289 . . . _:b416950647 "2"^^ . . _:b416949493 . _:b416951288 . _:b416951338 . . _:b416950646 "2"^^ . . _:b416951291 . . _:b416950641 "2"^^ . . _:b416951290 . _:b416950971 . _:b416950640 "2"^^ . _:b416951579 . . _:b416950526 . . _:b416950789 . . _:b416950643 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950788 . . _:b416950435 . _:b416949509 . _:b416950642 "2"^^ . . _:b416950791 . . _:b416950653 "2"^^ . _:b416950042 . _:b416950790 . _:b416950652 "2"^^ . . _:b416950785 . _:b416950655 "2"^^ . _:b416950784 . _:b416951359 . _:b416950654 "2"^^ . _:b416950787 . _:b416950649 "2"^^ . _:b416950786 . _:b416949922 . _:b416950648 "2"^^ . _:b416950318 . _:b416950797 . _:b416950651 "2"^^ . . _:b416950796 . . _:b416950650 "2"^^ . _:b416950799 . . _:b416950661 "2"^^ . . _:b416950798 . _:b416950660 "2"^^ . _:b416950793 . . _:b416950663 "2"^^ . _:b416949635 . . _:b416950424 . _:b416950792 . _:b416950662 "2"^^ . _:b416950917 . _:b416950795 . _:b416950657 "2"^^ . _:b416949887 . _:b416950794 . _:b416950656 "2"^^ . _:b416949646 . _:b416950805 . _:b416950659 "2"^^ . _:b416950878 . _:b416950804 . _:b416950658 "2"^^ . . _:b416950807 . . _:b416951263 . _:b416950669 "2"^^ . _:b416951017 . _:b416950806 . _:b416950525 . _:b416950668 "2"^^ . _:b416950801 . _:b416950671 "2"^^ . _:b416950825 . _:b416950263 . _:b416950800 . . _:b416950670 "2"^^ . . _:b416950803 . . _:b416950665 "2"^^ . _:b416950824 . _:b416950802 . _:b416950664 "2"^^ . . _:b416950813 . _:b416949502 . _:b416950667 "2"^^ . _:b416950812 . _:b416950666 "2"^^ . _:b416950815 . . _:b416950677 "2"^^ . . _:b416950814 . . _:b416950676 "2"^^ . . _:b416950572 . . _:b416950809 . _:b416949956 . . _:b416950679 "2"^^ . . _:b416950808 . . _:b416950678 "2"^^ . _:b416949733 . _:b416950811 . _:b416950673 "2"^^ . _:b416950779 . _:b416950810 . . _:b416950672 "2"^^ . . _:b416950561 . _:b416950821 . _:b416951402 . _:b416950675 "2"^^ . _:b416950820 . _:b416950674 "2"^^ . _:b416950823 . . _:b416950685 "2"^^ . _:b416950483 . _:b416951478 . _:b416950822 . _:b416950253 . _:b416950684 "2"^^ . _:b416951187 . _:b416950817 . _:b416949468 . _:b416950687 "2"^^ . _:b416950816 . _:b416950686 "2"^^ . _:b416951401 . _:b416949602 . _:b416950819 . _:b416950681 "2"^^ . _:b416950296 . _:b416950818 . _:b416950537 . _:b416950680 "2"^^ . _:b416949951 . _:b416950829 . _:b416950683 "2"^^ . _:b416950472 . _:b416950828 . _:b416950309 . _:b416950682 "2"^^ . . _:b416951099 . _:b416950831 . _:b416949870 . _:b416950693 "2"^^ . _:b416950830 . _:b416951116 . . _:b416950692 "2"^^ . _:b416950825 . _:b416950695 "2"^^ . _:b416950124 . _:b416950824 . . _:b416950694 "2"^^ . _:b416950827 . . _:b416950689 "2"^^ . _:b416950826 . _:b416950688 "2"^^ . . _:b416950837 . . . _:b416950691 "2"^^ . . _:b416949974 . _:b416950836 . . . _:b416950690 "2"^^ . _:b416950930 . _:b416950839 . . _:b416949518 . _:b416950701 "2"^^ . _:b416950838 . _:b416951083 . _:b416950591 . _:b416951251 . _:b416950700 "2"^^ . _:b416949463 . _:b416949803 . _:b416950833 . _:b416950703 "2"^^ . . _:b416950832 . _:b416950702 "2"^^ . _:b416950851 . _:b416950835 . _:b416951483 . . _:b416950697 "2"^^ . . . . _:b416951573 . _:b416950834 . _:b416950792 . _:b416950696 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950845 . . . _:b416950699 "2"^^ . _:b416949983 . _:b416950844 . _:b416951207 . _:b416950698 "2"^^ . _:b416950847 . _:b416950709 "2"^^ . . _:b416950846 . _:b416950708 "2"^^ . _:b416950841 . _:b416950711 "2"^^ . _:b416950840 . _:b416950702 . _:b416950710 "2"^^ . . _:b416951576 . _:b416950843 . _:b416951362 . . _:b416950705 "2"^^ . _:b416949630 . _:b416950842 . . _:b416950704 "2"^^ . . _:b416950853 . _:b416950707 "2"^^ . _:b416949554 . _:b416950852 . . _:b416950706 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950855 . _:b416949702 . _:b416949579 . _:b416950717 "2"^^ . . . . _:b416950854 . . _:b416950716 "2"^^ . _:b416950683 . _:b416950849 . . _:b416950719 "2"^^ . _:b416950848 . . _:b416950718 "2"^^ . _:b416950777 . _:b416950851 . _:b416950713 "2"^^ . _:b416950918 . _:b416950103 . _:b416950755 . _:b416950850 . _:b416950712 "2"^^ . . _:b416951383 . _:b416950861 . _:b416950001 . _:b416950715 "2"^^ . . _:b416950860 . . _:b416950714 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950863 . . _:b416950725 "2"^^ . _:b416950862 . _:b416950724 "2"^^ . _:b416950857 . _:b416950727 "2"^^ . _:b416949544 . _:b416950856 . _:b416950726 "2"^^ . _:b416949903 . _:b416950859 . _:b416950477 . _:b416950721 "2"^^ . _:b416950858 . _:b416950720 "2"^^ . . _:b416950869 . . _:b416950723 "2"^^ . . _:b416950868 . _:b416949678 . _:b416951238 . _:b416950481 . _:b416950722 "2"^^ . . _:b416950871 . _:b416949549 . _:b416950733 "2"^^ . _:b416950870 . . _:b416950732 "2"^^ . _:b416950865 . _:b416951169 . _:b416950735 "2"^^ . . _:b416950864 . . _:b416950734 "2"^^ . . _:b416950867 . _:b416950495 . . _:b416950729 "2"^^ . . _:b416950637 . _:b416950866 . _:b416950728 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950877 . _:b416950045 . . _:b416951371 . _:b416950731 "2"^^ . . _:b416950645 . _:b416950876 . _:b416951134 . _:b416950730 "2"^^ . _:b416950879 . _:b416949443 . . _:b416950741 "2"^^ . _:b416950901 . _:b416950878 . _:b416950740 "2"^^ . . _:b416950873 . _:b416950743 "2"^^ . _:b416951176 . _:b416950872 . . _:b416950742 "2"^^ . . _:b416950151 . _:b416950875 . . _:b416950737 "2"^^ . _:b416950874 . _:b416949989 . _:b416950736 "2"^^ . . _:b416950885 . _:b416950598 . _:b416950739 "2"^^ . _:b416950884 . _:b416950738 "2"^^ . . _:b416951254 . _:b416950887 . _:b416950749 "2"^^ . _:b416951517 . _:b416950886 . _:b416950748 "2"^^ . _:b416950881 . . _:b416950751 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950880 . _:b416950750 "2"^^ . _:b416951259 . _:b416950883 . _:b416950745 "2"^^ . _:b416950882 . _:b416950744 "2"^^ . _:b416950893 . _:b416950747 "2"^^ . . _:b416950892 . _:b416950746 "2"^^ . _:b416950895 . _:b416949556 . _:b416950757 "2"^^ . _:b416950894 . _:b416950946 . . _:b416950756 "2"^^ . _:b416949742 . _:b416950000 . _:b416950889 . _:b416950759 "2"^^ . _:b416951316 . _:b6279015 "These commensal microbiota are vital to many physiological and homeostatic functions, and play important roles in host defense through colonization resistance >>1<<, 2, and by promoting the development and regulation of the acquired mucosal immune system 3, 4." . _:b416950888 . _:b416950758 "2"^^ . _:b416950891 . _:b416950753 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950890 . _:b416950316 . _:b416950752 "2"^^ . _:b416950901 . _:b416950755 "2"^^ . _:b416950900 . _:b416950754 "2"^^ . . _:b416950903 . _:b416950765 "2"^^ . . _:b416950902 . _:b416950343 . _:b416950764 "2"^^ . _:b416950355 . _:b416950897 . _:b416950767 "2"^^ . _:b416950896 . _:b416951210 . . . _:b416951145 . _:b416950766 "2"^^ . _:b416950658 . . _:b416951252 . _:b416950899 . _:b416950761 "2"^^ . _:b416950898 . _:b416950760 "2"^^ . _:b416950909 . _:b416950763 "2"^^ . _:b416950908 . . _:b416950762 "2"^^ . . _:b416950911 . . _:b416951330 . _:b416950773 "2"^^ . . _:b416950910 . _:b416949610 . . _:b416949894 . _:b416950772 "2"^^ . _:b416949445 . _:b416950905 . _:b416950775 "2"^^ . _:b416949444 . _:b416950832 . _:b416950904 . _:b416950774 "2"^^ . _:b416949447 . _:b416950239 . _:b416950907 . _:b416949550 . _:b416950769 "2"^^ . . _:b416949446 . _:b416950906 . . _:b416951427 . _:b416950768 "2"^^ . _:b416949441 . . _:b416950917 . _:b416950771 "2"^^ . _:b416949440 . _:b416950221 . _:b416950916 . . _:b416950770 "2"^^ . _:b416949443 . _:b416950919 . _:b416951224 . . _:b416950781 "2"^^ . _:b416949442 . _:b416950059 . _:b416950918 . _:b416950780 "2"^^ . _:b416949453 . _:b416950913 . . _:b416950783 "2"^^ . _:b416951160 . . _:b416949452 . _:b416950912 . _:b416949559 . _:b416950782 "2"^^ . _:b416949455 . _:b416950573 . _:b416950347 . _:b416950915 . _:b416950998 . _:b416950777 "2"^^ . _:b416949454 . _:b416950914 . . _:b416950776 "2"^^ . _:b416949449 . _:b416949854 . _:b416950925 . _:b416950456 . _:b416949516 . _:b416950363 . _:b416949908 . _:b416950779 "2"^^ . _:b416949448 . _:b416950924 . . . _:b416950778 "2"^^ . _:b416949451 . _:b416950927 . _:b416949450 . _:b416950926 . _:b416951390 . . _:b416949461 . _:b416950921 . . . _:b416949460 . . _:b416950920 . . _:b416949463 . _:b416950923 . _:b416950611 . _:b416949462 . _:b6279076 "Other recent investigations have demonstrated that hosts including mice 9, >>37<<, drosophila 10, and zebrafish 8 are involved in establishing the composition of their intestinal microbiomes." . _:b416950922 . _:b416951391 . . . _:b416949457 . _:b416950933 . . _:b416951480 . _:b416949456 . _:b416950932 . . _:b416950417 . _:b416949459 . _:b416950935 . . . _:b416949458 . _:b416950934 . _:b416949995 . . _:b416949469 . _:b416950929 . _:b416950449 . _:b6279017 "microbiota are vital to many physiological and homeostatic functions, and play important roles in host defense through colonization resistance 1, 2, and by promoting the development and regulation of the acquired mucosal immune system 3, >>4<<. Recent analysis using 16S rRNA technology demonstrated the complexity of the intestinal tract microbiota 5\u20137 and demonstrated that the host can influence this microbial ecosystem 8\u201313." . _:b416949468 . _:b416949973 . _:b416950928 . _:b416950975 . _:b416949471 . _:b416950931 . _:b416951041 . _:b416949470 . . _:b416950930 . . _:b416949465 . . _:b416950941 . _:b416949783 . . . _:b416949464 . _:b416950940 . . _:b416949659 . _:b416949467 . _:b416950943 . _:b416951222 . . _:b6279088 "However, it is possible that the absence of MMP7 in the small intestinal lumen may result in other veiled effects 20, >>31<<, 32. Although we cannot rule out that some of these effects could contribute to the observations noted here, the presence of the DEFA5 transgene resulted in reciprocal effects as the absence of MMP7. In addition, although DEFA5 is not" . _:b416951127 . _:b416951559 . _:b416949466 . . . _:b416950942 . _:b416949477 . _:b416950937 . . . _:b416949476 . _:b416950936 . _:b416951411 . . _:b416949479 . _:b416950939 . _:b416949939 . _:b416950821 . _:b416950623 . _:b416949478 . . _:b416950938 . _:b416949813 . . _:b416949473 . _:b416950949 . . _:b416949472 . _:b416950557 . _:b416950948 . _:b416949475 . . _:b416950951 . _:b416950054 . _:b416951275 . . _:b416949474 . _:b416950950 . _:b416949485 . . _:b416950945 . _:b6279092 . _:b416949484 . . _:b416950944 . . _:b416951131 . _:b416949487 . . . _:b416950947 . _:b416951519 . _:b416949835 . . _:b416949486 . _:b416951378 . . _:b416950946 . . _:b6279070 . _:b416949481 . . _:b416950957 . _:b416949480 . _:b416950956 . _:b416949647 . . _:b416949483 . _:b416950959 . . _:b416949482 . _:b416950958 . . _:b416949493 . _:b416950953 . . . _:b416949492 . _:b416950952 . . _:b416949980 . _:b416950963 . _:b416949495 . _:b416949548 . _:b416950955 . _:b416949560 . _:b416949494 . _:b416950954 . . _:b416949489 . . _:b416950965 . _:b416949488 . _:b416950104 . _:b416949897 . _:b416950964 . _:b6279019 "Recent analysis using 16S rRNA technology demonstrated the complexity of the intestinal tract microbiota 5\u20137 and demonstrated that the host can influence this microbial ecosystem >>8<<\u201313." . _:b416949940 . _:b416949491 . _:b416950854 . _:b416950967 . _:b416949490 . _:b416950966 . . _:b416949501 . . _:b416950961 . . . _:b416949500 . _:b416950960 . _:b416949503 . _:b416950963 . _:b416951415 . _:b416950152 . _:b416949502 . _:b416950962 . _:b416949497 . _:b416950973 . _:b416949496 . _:b416950972 . _:b416949499 . _:b416950975 . _:b416949498 . _:b416951076 . . _:b416950974 . . _:b416950969 . _:b416951452 . _:b416950180 . . _:b416950968 . . _:b416949855 . _:b416950971 . _:b416950709 . _:b416950970 . _:b416949626 . _:b416951352 . . _:b416950981 . _:b416950980 . _:b416950199 . _:b416949474 . . _:b416950540 . _:b416950983 . _:b416950665 . _:b416950569 . _:b416950533 . _:b416950982 . _:b416950401 . _:b416950977 . . . _:b416950976 . _:b416950979 . _:b416951322 . _:b416950978 . _:b416950274 . _:b416951132 . _:b416950989 . . _:b416950988 . _:b416951425 . _:b416950991 . _:b416949750 . _:b416951347 . . _:b416950990 . _:b416949534 . _:b416950985 . _:b416950984 . . . _:b416950014 . _:b416950987 . . _:b416950986 . _:b416950997 . . _:b416949693 . . . _:b416950996 . _:b416950490 . . _:b416950968 . . _:b416950999 . _:b416950998 . _:b416950993 . _:b416950992 . _:b6279032 "1a\u2013d) were determined with the computer program DOTUR >>25<<, at the phylum and class levels." . _:b416950995 . _:b416951237 . . . _:b416949700 . _:b416950994 . . _:b6279018 . _:b416951005 . . . _:b416951004 . . . _:b416951007 . _:b416950705 . _:b416951568 . . _:b416951430 . . _:b6279077 . _:b416951006 . . _:b416951001 . _:b416950295 . _:b416951045 . _:b6279020 . _:b416951000 . _:b416950504 . . _:b416951003 . . _:b416950925 . . _:b416951002 . . . . . _:b416950373 . _:b416951013 . . _:b416951012 . _:b416950583 . . _:b416951015 . _:b416949703 . _:b416951229 . . _:b416951014 . _:b416951009 . _:b416949667 . . _:b416951008 . _:b416949834 . _:b416951011 . . . _:b416951010 . . _:b416949631 . _:b416951021 . . . _:b416951020 . . _:b6279071 "discussion" . _:b416951023 . _:b416951567 . _:b416951022 . _:b416951017 . _:b416951532 . . . . _:b416951016 . _:b6279074 . . . _:b416950954 . _:b416951019 . . _:b416951018 . . _:b416951029 . _:b416949654 . . _:b416950815 . . _:b416951028 . _:b416950505 . _:b416951031 . . . . _:b416951030 . . _:b416950224 . _:b416951025 . _:b416949935 . . _:b416951024 . _:b416950327 . _:b416951319 . _:b416951027 . . . . _:b416951026 . . _:b416951037 . . . _:b416951036 . _:b416950332 . _:b416951434 . _:b416950357 . _:b416951039 . _:b416950929 . . _:b416951038 . . _:b6279084 "Previous studies by our group and others demonstrated that Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins have important effects on exogenous pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal lumen 17, >>18<<. The current study is the first to directly demonstrate that alterations in the \u03B1-defensin constitution of Paneth cells result in distinct changes in the composition of the indigenous microbiota." . _:b416949766 . _:b416951033 . _:b416950154 . . _:b416950172 . _:b416951032 . _:b416950305 . _:b416951035 . _:b416951549 . _:b416951034 . _:b416950533 . _:b416951485 . . _:b416950532 . . _:b416950535 . _:b416950721 . _:b416950615 . _:b416949704 . _:b416950534 . _:b416950350 . _:b416949561 . . _:b416950463 . _:b416951003 . _:b416950529 . . _:b416951167 . _:b416950528 . . _:b416950531 . . . _:b416950530 . . _:b416949789 . . . _:b416950541 . . _:b416949865 . _:b416951162 . _:b416950540 . . . _:b416950543 . . . _:b416949503 . _:b416950285 . _:b416950542 . _:b416951117 . . _:b416950537 . _:b416950937 . . _:b416949809 . _:b416950536 . . _:b6279100 "Other studies demonstrated the role of the microbiota in shifting the TH17:regulatory T cell balance >>38<<. Thus, loss of DEFA5, either specifically 23 or through global Paneth cell abnormalities21, 22, could skew mucosal responses towards a proinflammatory phenotype. In a unifying model linking these findings with ileal Crohn\u2019s disease, a" . _:b416950539 . _:b416950860 . . . _:b416950538 . . . _:b416950549 . . _:b416950548 . . _:b416950551 . _:b416949587 . _:b416951349 . . _:b416950550 . . _:b416951287 . _:b416950545 . _:b416950544 . . . _:b416951564 . _:b416950547 . _:b416951239 . _:b416949882 . . _:b416950546 . . . _:b416951220 . _:b416950557 . _:b416950570 . _:b416951553 . _:b416950356 . _:b416950556 . _:b416950559 . _:b416950950 . . _:b416949589 . _:b416951385 . . _:b416950558 . _:b416950808 . . _:b416950553 . _:b6279019 . _:b416950552 . _:b416951459 . _:b416949481 . _:b416950555 . _:b416950554 . _:b416950630 . _:b6279027 "Furthermore, we observed that \u03B1-defensin-dependent changes in the microbiota can modulate mucosal immune responsiveness. Given recent investigations demonstrating the involvement of Paneth cells >>21<<, 22, and decreased expression of Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins in patients with ileal Crohn\u2019s disease 23, our findings support the hypothesis that \u03B1-defensin deficiency may contribute to the host-microbe dysbiosis and enhanced inflammatory" . . _:b416950565 . _:b416950112 . _:b416950374 . _:b416950564 . _:b416950222 . _:b416950475 . _:b416950567 . . _:b416950566 . . . _:b416950561 . . . . _:b416949566 . _:b6279050 "This morphologically distinct bacterium has been identified in the intestinal tract of several animal models, including mice 24, rabbits 33 and chickens >>34<<, but is not cultivable." . _:b416950560 . _:b416950837 . . _:b416951380 . _:b416950563 . . . . . _:b416950562 . _:b416950249 . . _:b416950573 . . _:b416950572 . _:b416950575 . _:b416950574 . _:b416949791 . . _:b416950008 . _:b416950569 . _:b416950568 . _:b416949519 . . _:b416949800 . _:b416951118 . _:b416950571 . . _:b416951416 . _:b416950570 . . _:b416950941 . _:b416950581 . . _:b416950580 . _:b6279095 "Several recent studies have focused attention on Paneth cells as having a primary role in IBD pathogenesis >>21<<, 22 and intestinal homeostasis 37." . _:b416951195 . _:b416949529 . _:b416949719 . _:b416950583 . _:b416951361 . _:b416951257 . . _:b416950582 . _:b416950577 . _:b416950576 . . _:b416950579 . . _:b416949826 . . _:b416950578 . . . _:b416950589 . _:b416949487 . . . _:b416951281 . _:b416950588 . . _:b416950591 . _:b416949712 . _:b416950590 . . _:b416950585 . _:b416949860 . _:b416950584 . _:b416949868 . _:b416950587 . . _:b416951146 . _:b416950586 . _:b416949441 . _:b416950617 . _:b416950597 . _:b416950226 . _:b416950749 . _:b416950596 . _:b416950145 . _:b416950599 . . . . _:b416951078 . _:b416950598 . . . . _:b416950593 . . _:b416950592 . _:b416950164 . _:b416950595 . _:b416950594 . _:b416950131 . _:b416950605 . _:b6279065 "As previously described for SFB 47 using a combination of 6Fam labeled SFB specific oligo (SFB1008 6Fam-GCGAGCTTCCCTCATTACAAGG, >>29<<) and TR-labeled universal bacterial probe (Bact338 TR-GCTGCCTCCGTAGGAGT) (Operon Technologies)." . . _:b416951477 . . _:b416950604 . _:b416949950 . _:b416951438 . . . _:b416950607 . . _:b416950606 . _:b416950601 . . _:b416950600 . _:b416950654 . _:b6279033 . _:b416951012 . _:b416950603 . . . . _:b416949622 . _:b416950602 . . _:b416950976 . . _:b416951289 . _:b416950613 . . _:b416950038 . . _:b416950612 . _:b416950626 . . _:b416950615 . . _:b416950614 . _:b416951340 . _:b416950609 . . . _:b416950909 . _:b416950608 . _:b416949563 . _:b416950326 . _:b416950892 . _:b416950611 . _:b416950610 . _:b416950621 . _:b416950742 . _:b416951119 . _:b416950620 . _:b416949754 . _:b416950623 . . _:b416950622 . . . _:b6279082 "Together, the emerging picture suggests that a dynamic and intimate interplay between host and microbiota facilitates mucosal homeostasis and normal host physiology >>43<<. Here, we identify Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins, key effector molecules of intestinal innate immunity, as peptides that markedly alter the composition of the host commensal microbiota." . _:b416950358 . _:b416950617 . _:b416949597 . _:b416950616 . _:b416950024 . _:b416950450 . _:b416950619 . . _:b416950618 . _:b6279019 . . _:b416950629 . _:b416950386 . _:b416951100 . _:b416950628 . _:b416950094 . _:b416950631 . . . _:b416950630 . . . _:b416950696 . _:b416950625 . _:b416950973 . _:b416949669 . . . _:b416950624 . _:b416950293 . _:b416950627 . _:b416950538 . _:b416950626 . _:b416950121 . _:b416951058 . _:b416950637 . _:b416950082 . _:b416950636 . . _:b416950387 . . _:b416950639 . _:b416950638 . . . _:b416950633 . _:b416951140 . _:b416950984 . . _:b6279036 "An inversion of the Firmicute/Bacteroidetes ratio, with higher Firmicutes than Bacteroidetes, has been associated with obesity in both animals and humans >>9<<, 26\u201328. In addition, blooms of Mollicute populations, a subclass of the Tenericutes, have been noted in obese animals28." . _:b416950632 . _:b416949926 . _:b416950635 . . _:b416950634 . _:b416950645 . _:b416951068 . . _:b416951542 . _:b416950644 . _:b416950647 . . . . . _:b416949773 . _:b416950646 . . _:b416950641 . . _:b416950961 . . . _:b416950640 . _:b6279021 "At the mucosal interface, the epithelium serves as a key arm of the immune system by providing a physical barrier, and by secreting various antimicrobial factors, including antimicrobial peptides14, >>15<<. In the lumen of the small intestine of humans and other mammals, Paneth cell derived \u03B1-defensins (also called crypt defensins, cryptdins) are predominant antimicrobial factors 16 that are effective mediators of host defense against" . _:b416950643 . . . . . _:b416951250 . _:b416950642 . . _:b416950653 . _:b416951192 . _:b416950726 . _:b416950652 . _:b416949458 . . _:b416950655 . _:b416950673 . _:b416951406 . _:b416950748 . _:b416950336 . _:b416951516 . _:b416950654 . . _:b416950649 . _:b416951583 . _:b416950171 . _:b416950648 . . _:b416950884 . _:b416950651 . _:b416950130 . _:b416951472 . . _:b416950650 . _:b416950273 . _:b416950661 . _:b416950191 . _:b416950432 . _:b416950212 . _:b416950660 . _:b416950621 . _:b416950304 . _:b416950663 . _:b416949798 . _:b6279090 . . _:b416950662 . _:b416950657 . . _:b416950656 . _:b416950515 . _:b416950659 . _:b416950787 . _:b416950658 . _:b6279079 "Analyses of interactions between IgA and commensal bacteria have revealed a dynamic interaction between the microbiota and mucosal immune factors >>13<<, 41, 42. Together, the emerging picture suggests that a dynamic and intimate interplay between host and microbiota facilitates mucosal homeostasis and normal host physiology 43. Here, we identify Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins, key effector" . . _:b416950669 . _:b416950668 . . . _:b416951154 . _:b416950201 . . _:b416950671 . . _:b416951552 . _:b416950670 . _:b416949648 . _:b416950217 . _:b416950665 . . _:b416951308 . _:b416950664 . . _:b416950667 . . _:b416950677 . _:b416950666 . _:b416950677 . . _:b416951166 . _:b416950676 . . _:b416950679 . _:b6279039 "A detailed analysis of the Bacteroidetes class shows a dominance of the Mouse Intestinal Bacteroides (MIB) group, a common Bacteroides strain found in the mouse intestinal tract >>24<<, in all mouse models analyzed here." . _:b416949606 . _:b416950252 . _:b416950678 . . _:b416949786 . _:b416950673 . . _:b416950372 . _:b416950672 . _:b416950675 . . _:b416950509 . _:b416950674 . . _:b416950685 . _:b416951258 . _:b416951234 . _:b416950684 . _:b416951551 . . . _:b416950687 . _:b416951200 . _:b416950438 . . _:b416950686 . . _:b416950681 . _:b416950680 . _:b416950649 . . _:b416950683 . . _:b416950682 . . _:b416950693 . . _:b416950510 . . . . _:b416950692 . . _:b416950695 . . _:b416949639 . _:b416950260 . _:b416950694 . . . _:b416950776 . _:b416950689 . _:b416950479 . . _:b6279046 "Along with its role in processing Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins that are secreted into the small intestinal lumen, MMP7 has been shown to have other extraintestinal and intestinal roles 20, >>31<<, including epithelial repair and transepithelial influx of neutrophils 32, as well as activation of other enzymes." . . . _:b416950688 . . _:b416950691 . _:b416951465 . _:b416951290 . . _:b416951363 . _:b416950690 . _:b416949684 . _:b416950701 . _:b416950700 . _:b416951203 . _:b416950703 . . _:b416949915 . _:b416950702 . _:b416950470 . . _:b416950697 . _:b416950696 . _:b416949777 . _:b416950699 . . _:b416951341 . _:b416951318 . _:b416950698 . _:b416949832 . . _:b416950709 . . _:b416950708 . _:b416950643 . _:b416950711 . _:b6279072 . _:b416951042 . . _:b416950710 . _:b416950814 . _:b416949451 . . . _:b416950705 . . _:b416950704 . . . _:b416950707 . . _:b416950706 . _:b416950717 . _:b6279080 "Analyses of interactions between IgA and commensal bacteria have revealed a dynamic interaction between the microbiota and mucosal immune factors 13, >>41<<, 42. Together, the emerging picture suggests that a dynamic and intimate interplay between host and microbiota facilitates mucosal homeostasis and normal host physiology 43. Here, we identify Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins, key effector" . _:b416950716 . . . _:b416950719 . . _:b416950718 . _:b416949925 . . _:b416950713 . _:b416950534 . _:b416950712 . _:b416950829 . _:b416950913 . _:b416950915 . . _:b416950715 . _:b416950468 . _:b416950714 . _:b416949736 . . _:b416950725 . _:b416950724 . . _:b416950727 . . _:b416950726 . _:b416950297 . _:b416950721 . . _:b416951329 . . _:b416950720 . _:b416950887 . _:b416951484 . _:b416950723 . _:b416950336 . . _:b416950722 . _:b416950337 . _:b416949687 . _:b416950338 . _:b416950339 . _:b416950340 . _:b416950341 . _:b416950733 . _:b416950342 . _:b416950343 . _:b416950344 . _:b416950441 . _:b416950345 . _:b416950732 . _:b416950346 . _:b416950347 . _:b416950348 . _:b416950981 . _:b416950349 . _:b416950735 . . . _:b416950350 . . _:b416950351 . _:b416950352 . _:b416950353 . _:b416950734 . _:b416950354 . . _:b416950355 . _:b416950356 . _:b416950357 . _:b416950729 . _:b416950358 . _:b416950359 . _:b416950360 . _:b416950361 . _:b416950728 . _:b416950362 . _:b416950363 . _:b416950364 . _:b416950365 . _:b416950731 . . _:b416950366 . _:b416950367 . _:b416950584 . _:b416949655 . _:b416950368 . . _:b416950369 . _:b416950730 . _:b416950370 . _:b416950371 . _:b416950372 . _:b416950373 . _:b416950741 . . _:b416950374 . _:b416950375 . . _:b416950376 . _:b416950377 . _:b416950740 . _:b416950378 . . _:b416950379 . _:b416951333 . _:b416950380 . _:b416950381 . _:b416950743 . _:b416950382 . _:b6279023 "intestine of humans and other mammals, Paneth cell derived \u03B1-defensins (also called crypt defensins, cryptdins) are predominant antimicrobial factors 16 that are effective mediators of host defense against enteric bacterial pathogens >>17<<\u201319. Mouse \u03B1-defensins are synthesized in inactive form and must be cleaved and activated by matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7 (http:" . . _:b416950383 . _:b416950384 . _:b416950385 . _:b416950742 . _:b416950386 . _:b416950387 . _:b416950388 . _:b416951387 . _:b416950389 . _:b416950737 . _:b416950390 . _:b416950391 . _:b416950392 . _:b416950393 . _:b416950736 . _:b416950394 . _:b416950395 . _:b416950396 . _:b416950397 . _:b416950739 . _:b416950398 . _:b416950399 . _:b416950272 . . _:b416950738 . . _:b416950273 . _:b416950274 . . _:b416950275 . _:b416950276 . _:b416950277 . _:b416950749 . _:b416950241 . _:b416950278 . . _:b416950279 . . _:b6279022 . _:b416950280 . . _:b416950748 . _:b416950281 . _:b416950282 . _:b416950283 . _:b416951052 . _:b416950284 . _:b416950285 . _:b416950751 . _:b416950690 . _:b416949758 . _:b416950286 . _:b416950287 . _:b416950288 . _:b416950289 . _:b416950750 . _:b416950290 . . _:b416950291 . _:b416950292 . _:b416950293 . _:b416950745 . _:b416950294 . _:b416951008 . _:b416950295 . _:b416950187 . . _:b416950296 . _:b416950297 . _:b416950744 . _:b416950298 . _:b416950299 . . . _:b416950300 . _:b416950301 . _:b416950865 . _:b416950747 . _:b416950302 . _:b416950303 . _:b416950304 . _:b416950305 . _:b416950746 . _:b416950306 . _:b416950307 . _:b416950308 . _:b416950309 . _:b416950939 . _:b416950757 . _:b416950310 . _:b416950311 . _:b416950312 . . _:b416950313 . _:b416950756 . _:b416950314 . _:b416950315 . . _:b416950316 . _:b416950317 . _:b416950759 . _:b416950318 . _:b416950469 . _:b416950319 . _:b416950320 . _:b416949596 . . _:b416950321 . _:b416950758 . _:b416950322 . . _:b416950323 . _:b416950324 . _:b416950325 . _:b416950753 . _:b416950326 . _:b416949905 . _:b416950327 . _:b416950328 . _:b416950329 . _:b416950752 . _:b416950330 . _:b416950331 . _:b416950332 . . _:b416950755 . _:b416950333 . . _:b416950334 . . _:b416950335 . _:b416950464 . _:b416951244 . _:b416951216 . _:b416950465 . _:b416951398 . _:b416950754 . _:b416950466 . _:b416950467 . _:b416950468 . _:b416949599 . _:b416950765 . _:b416950469 . _:b416950470 . _:b416950471 . _:b416950472 . . _:b416950764 . _:b416950473 . . _:b416950474 . _:b416949506 . _:b6279018 . _:b416950475 . _:b416950476 . _:b416950477 . _:b416950767 . _:b416950478 . _:b416950479 . _:b416950480 . _:b416950481 . _:b416950766 . _:b416950482 . . _:b416950483 . . _:b416950484 . . . . _:b416950761 . _:b416950166 . _:b416950485 . _:b416950486 . _:b416950289 . _:b416950487 . _:b416950488 . _:b416950489 . _:b416950760 . . _:b416950490 . . . _:b416950491 . _:b416950492 . _:b416950493 . _:b416950763 . _:b416950494 . _:b416950495 . _:b416950496 . _:b416950497 . _:b416950762 . _:b416950498 . _:b416950499 . _:b416950500 . _:b416950501 . _:b416950773 . _:b416950502 . . _:b416950601 . _:b416950503 . _:b416950504 . _:b416950505 . _:b416951139 . _:b416950772 . _:b416949515 . _:b416950506 . _:b416950507 . _:b416951043 . _:b416950508 . . _:b416950775 . _:b416950509 . _:b416950510 . _:b416950092 . _:b416950511 . . _:b416950512 . _:b416950513 . _:b416950774 . _:b416950514 . _:b416950515 . _:b416950337 . _:b416950516 . . _:b416950769 . _:b416950517 . _:b416950518 . _:b416950519 . _:b416950520 . _:b416950521 . _:b416950768 . . _:b416950522 . _:b416950523 . _:b416950524 . _:b416950525 . _:b416950771 . _:b416950526 . _:b416950527 . _:b416950400 . _:b416949628 . _:b6279015 . _:b416950770 . _:b416950401 . _:b416950402 . _:b416950600 . _:b416950403 . _:b416950672 . _:b416949479 . _:b416950404 . _:b416950405 . _:b416951381 . _:b416950781 . _:b416950406 . _:b416950407 . _:b416950408 . . _:b416950409 . _:b416950780 . _:b416950410 . _:b416950411 . . _:b416950412 . _:b416950413 . _:b416950783 . _:b416950414 . . _:b416950415 . . _:b416950416 . _:b416950417 . _:b416950782 . _:b416950418 . . _:b416950419 . . . _:b416950420 . _:b416950421 . _:b416950777 . _:b416950422 . _:b416950423 . _:b416951211 . _:b416950424 . _:b416951121 . . _:b416950776 . . _:b416950425 . . _:b416950426 . _:b416950427 . . _:b416950428 . _:b416950429 . _:b416950779 . _:b416950430 . _:b416950431 . . _:b416950432 . . _:b416950433 . _:b416950778 . _:b416950434 . . _:b416950435 . _:b416950436 . . _:b416950437 . _:b416950277 . . _:b416950438 . _:b416949464 . _:b416950439 . _:b416950440 . _:b416949475 . _:b416950276 . _:b416950441 . _:b416950442 . _:b416950443 . . _:b416950444 . _:b416950445 . _:b416950279 . _:b416950446 . _:b416950447 . _:b416950437 . _:b416950448 . _:b416950449 . _:b416950278 . _:b416950450 . _:b416950451 . _:b416951067 . _:b416950452 . _:b416950453 . _:b416950273 . _:b416950454 . _:b416950455 . _:b416951524 . _:b416950951 . . _:b416950456 . _:b416950457 . _:b416950272 . _:b416950458 . _:b416950459 . _:b416950460 . . _:b416950275 . _:b416950461 . . _:b416950462 . _:b416950463 . _:b416950592 . _:b416950593 . _:b416950274 . _:b416950594 . _:b416949864 . _:b416950595 . _:b416950596 . _:b416951261 . _:b416950597 . _:b416950285 . _:b416950598 . _:b416950797 . _:b416950218 . . _:b416950599 . _:b416950600 . _:b416950789 . _:b416950601 . _:b416950284 . _:b416950602 . _:b416950603 . _:b416951546 . _:b416950604 . _:b416950605 . _:b416950287 . . _:b416950606 . _:b416950607 . _:b416950608 . . _:b416950286 . _:b416950609 . _:b416950610 . _:b416950611 . . . _:b416950612 . _:b416950613 . _:b416950281 . _:b416950614 . _:b416950615 . _:b416951301 . _:b416950394 . _:b416950616 . _:b416950617 . _:b416951474 . _:b416950280 . _:b416950618 . . _:b416950275 . _:b416950619 . _:b416950620 . _:b416951073 . _:b416950621 . _:b416950283 . _:b416950622 . _:b416950321 . _:b416949454 . _:b416950623 . _:b416950624 . _:b416950625 . _:b416950282 . _:b416950626 . _:b416950627 . _:b416950675 . _:b416950143 . . _:b416950628 . _:b416950629 . _:b416950293 . _:b416950630 . _:b416951414 . _:b416950631 . _:b416950632 . _:b416950633 . _:b416950292 . _:b416950634 . _:b416950635 . _:b416950636 . _:b416950637 . _:b416950295 . _:b416950638 . _:b416950639 . _:b416950159 . _:b416950640 . _:b416950287 . _:b416950641 . _:b416950294 . . _:b416950642 . _:b416950643 . _:b416950644 . _:b416950645 . _:b416950289 . _:b416950646 . _:b416950647 . . . _:b416950648 . _:b416950649 . _:b416950288 . _:b416950650 . . _:b416950651 . _:b416950652 . _:b6279061 "Mice were genotyped as described 17, >>18<<. At weaning, offspring were separated and housed individually in cages, to prevent mouse-to-mouse caprophagy." . _:b416950653 . _:b416950948 . _:b416950874 . _:b416950291 . . _:b416950654 . . _:b416950655 . _:b416950528 . _:b416950529 . _:b416950290 . . _:b416949760 . _:b416950530 . _:b416950531 . _:b416950532 . _:b416950111 . _:b416950533 . _:b416950301 . _:b416950534 . _:b416950535 . _:b416950536 . . _:b416950300 . _:b416950537 . . _:b416950538 . _:b416950539 . _:b416949692 . _:b416950540 . _:b416950541 . _:b416950693 . _:b416950303 . _:b416950542 . _:b416949981 . _:b416950543 . _:b416950544 . _:b416950545 . _:b416950302 . _:b416950546 . _:b416950547 . _:b416950548 . _:b416950549 . _:b416950297 . _:b416950550 . _:b416950551 . _:b416950552 . _:b416950553 . _:b416950296 . . _:b416950858 . _:b416950554 . _:b416950555 . _:b416950556 . _:b416950557 . _:b416950299 . _:b416950558 . _:b416950559 . _:b416950560 . _:b416950561 . _:b416950298 . . . _:b416950562 . _:b416950563 . _:b416950564 . _:b416950565 . _:b416950309 . . _:b416950566 . _:b416950567 . _:b416950568 . _:b416950569 . _:b416950308 . . _:b416950570 . _:b416950571 . _:b416949792 . _:b416950474 . _:b416950572 . _:b416950573 . _:b416950311 . _:b416950574 . _:b416950575 . _:b416950576 . _:b416950840 . _:b416950577 . _:b416950310 . _:b416950578 . _:b416950579 . _:b416950580 . . _:b416950581 . _:b416950305 . _:b416950582 . _:b416950583 . _:b416950773 . _:b416950584 . _:b416950132 . _:b416950585 . _:b416950304 . _:b416950586 . _:b416950035 . _:b416950587 . _:b416950582 . _:b416950588 . _:b416950589 . _:b416950307 . . _:b416950590 . . _:b416950591 . _:b416950389 . _:b416950720 . _:b416950721 . _:b416950306 . _:b416950722 . . _:b416950723 . _:b416950724 . _:b416950725 . _:b416950317 . _:b416950726 . _:b416950727 . _:b416950728 . _:b416950729 . _:b416950316 . _:b416950730 . _:b416950731 . _:b416949841 . _:b416950732 . _:b416950733 . _:b416950319 . _:b416949823 . . _:b6279078 . . _:b416950734 . _:b416950735 . _:b416950736 . _:b416950891 . . _:b416950331 . _:b416950318 . _:b416950737 . . _:b416950738 . _:b416950032 . _:b416950739 . _:b416950740 . _:b416950741 . _:b416950313 . _:b416950742 . . . _:b416950743 . _:b416950744 . _:b416950745 . _:b416950312 . . _:b416950746 . _:b416950747 . _:b416949577 . _:b416950748 . . _:b416950315 . _:b416950749 . _:b416950750 . _:b416950751 . _:b416950752 . _:b416950753 . _:b416950914 . _:b416950314 . _:b416950754 . . _:b416950755 . _:b416950756 . _:b416950757 . _:b416950325 . _:b416950758 . _:b416950759 . _:b416949531 . _:b416950760 . _:b416950761 . _:b6279060 "Mice were genotyped as described >>17<<, 18. At weaning, offspring were separated and housed individually in cages, to prevent mouse-to-mouse caprophagy." . _:b416950324 . . _:b416950762 . _:b416950823 . _:b416950763 . _:b416950764 . _:b416949746 . _:b416950327 . _:b416950765 . _:b416950766 . _:b416950279 . _:b416950767 . _:b416950768 . _:b416950769 . _:b416951180 . _:b416950326 . _:b416949573 . _:b416950770 . _:b416950771 . _:b416950772 . _:b416950773 . _:b6279097 . _:b416950321 . _:b416950774 . . _:b416950775 . . _:b416950776 . _:b416950777 . _:b416950956 . _:b416950320 . _:b416950778 . . _:b416950779 . _:b416950780 . . _:b416950323 . _:b416950781 . _:b416950782 . _:b416950783 . _:b416950656 . _:b416951357 . _:b416951059 . _:b416950657 . _:b6279076 . _:b416950322 . _:b416949871 . _:b416950658 . _:b416950659 . _:b416950660 . . _:b416950333 . _:b416950661 . . _:b416950662 . . _:b416950663 . _:b416950664 . _:b416950665 . _:b416950332 . _:b416950666 . _:b416950667 . _:b416950116 . _:b416950668 . _:b416950669 . _:b416950335 . _:b416950670 . _:b416951124 . _:b416950671 . . . _:b416950672 . _:b416950673 . _:b416950334 . _:b416950674 . _:b416950675 . _:b416950676 . _:b416950677 . _:b416950329 . _:b416949944 . _:b416950678 . _:b416950679 . _:b416950680 . _:b416950681 . _:b416950328 . _:b416950682 . . _:b416951183 . _:b416950683 . . _:b416950684 . _:b416950685 . _:b416950331 . _:b416950686 . _:b416950687 . _:b416950688 . _:b416950689 . _:b416950330 . _:b416950690 . _:b416950691 . _:b416950692 . _:b416950303 . _:b416950693 . _:b416950341 . _:b416950694 . _:b416950695 . _:b416950696 . _:b416950697 . _:b416950340 . _:b416950698 . _:b416949738 . _:b416950699 . _:b416950700 . _:b416950701 . _:b416950343 . . _:b6279043 . _:b416950702 . _:b416950703 . _:b416950704 . _:b416950705 . _:b416950342 . _:b416950706 . _:b416950707 . _:b416950708 . _:b416950709 . _:b416950337 . _:b416950710 . _:b6279041 . _:b416951020 . _:b416950711 . . _:b416950712 . _:b416950713 . _:b416950336 . _:b416950714 . _:b416950715 . _:b416950716 . _:b416950717 . _:b416950339 . _:b416949527 . _:b416950718 . _:b416950719 . _:b416950848 . _:b416950849 . _:b416950338 . _:b416950850 . _:b416950851 . . _:b416950852 . _:b416950853 . _:b416950349 . _:b416950854 . _:b416950855 . . _:b416950856 . _:b416950857 . _:b416950348 . _:b416950858 . _:b416950859 . _:b416950860 . _:b416950861 . _:b416950902 . _:b416950351 . _:b416950862 . . _:b416951084 . _:b416950863 . _:b416950864 . _:b416950865 . _:b416950350 . _:b416950866 . _:b416950867 . . _:b416950868 . _:b416950869 . _:b416950345 . . _:b416950870 . _:b416950871 . . _:b416950872 . . . _:b416950344 . _:b416950873 . _:b416950874 . _:b416950875 . _:b416950633 . . _:b416950876 . . _:b416950347 . _:b416950877 . _:b416950878 . _:b416950697 . _:b416950879 . _:b416950880 . _:b416949975 . _:b416950881 . _:b416950346 . _:b416950882 . _:b416950883 . . _:b416950884 . _:b416949964 . _:b416950885 . _:b416950357 . _:b416949844 . _:b416950886 . . _:b416950286 . _:b416950887 . . _:b416950888 . _:b416950889 . _:b416950356 . _:b416950890 . _:b416950891 . _:b416950892 . _:b416950893 . _:b416950359 . _:b416950894 . _:b416950895 . _:b416950896 . _:b416950897 . _:b416950358 . _:b416950898 . _:b416951065 . _:b416950899 . . _:b416950900 . . _:b416950353 . _:b416950901 . _:b416949658 . . _:b416950902 . _:b416950903 . . _:b416950904 . _:b416950905 . _:b416950352 . _:b416950906 . _:b416950907 . _:b416950908 . _:b416950909 . _:b416950355 . . _:b416950910 . _:b416950911 . _:b416950784 . _:b416950785 . _:b416950354 . _:b416950786 . _:b6279062 . _:b416950787 . . _:b416950788 . _:b416950789 . _:b416950365 . . _:b416950790 . _:b416950791 . _:b416950792 . _:b416950793 . _:b416950364 . _:b416950794 . _:b416949486 . _:b416950795 . _:b416950796 . _:b416950797 . _:b416950367 . . _:b416950798 . . _:b416950062 . _:b416950799 . . _:b416950800 . _:b416950801 . _:b416950366 . _:b416950802 . _:b416950803 . _:b416949793 . _:b416950804 . _:b416950805 . _:b416950361 . _:b416950806 . . _:b416950075 . _:b416950807 . _:b416950808 . _:b416949460 . _:b416951001 . _:b416950360 . _:b416950809 . _:b416950810 . _:b416949459 . _:b416950811 . _:b416950812 . _:b416950813 . _:b416950363 . _:b416950814 . _:b416950815 . _:b416950101 . _:b416950816 . . _:b416951488 . _:b416950362 . _:b416950817 . _:b416950818 . _:b416950819 . _:b416950820 . _:b416950821 . _:b416950373 . _:b416950822 . . _:b416950823 . _:b416949546 . _:b416950739 . _:b416950824 . _:b416950825 . _:b6279054 . _:b416950372 . _:b416950826 . _:b416950827 . _:b416950828 . _:b416950829 . _:b6279055 . _:b416950375 . _:b416950830 . _:b416950831 . . _:b416950832 . . _:b416950374 . _:b416950833 . _:b416950834 . _:b416950835 . _:b416950125 . _:b416950836 . . _:b416951141 . _:b416950369 . _:b416950837 . _:b416950838 . _:b416950839 . _:b416950840 . _:b416949682 . _:b416950841 . _:b416950368 . _:b416950842 . . _:b416950843 . _:b416950844 . _:b416950845 . _:b416950371 . _:b416950846 . _:b416950847 . _:b416949483 . _:b416950976 . _:b416950977 . _:b416950370 . _:b416950978 . _:b416951199 . _:b416950979 . _:b416950980 . _:b416950981 . _:b416950381 . _:b416950982 . . _:b416950983 . _:b416950984 . _:b416950985 . _:b416950380 . _:b416950986 . . _:b6279016 "These commensal microbiota are vital to many physiological and homeostatic functions, and play important roles in host defense through colonization resistance 1, >>2<<, and by promoting the development and regulation of the acquired mucosal immune system 3, 4." . _:b416950987 . _:b416950988 . _:b416950989 . _:b416950383 . _:b416950990 . _:b416949593 . _:b416950991 . _:b416950992 . _:b416950993 . _:b416950382 . . _:b416950994 . _:b416950995 . _:b416950996 . _:b416950997 . _:b416950377 . _:b416950998 . _:b416950999 . _:b416951000 . _:b416951001 . _:b416950376 . _:b416951002 . _:b416951003 . _:b416950165 . _:b416951004 . _:b416951005 . _:b416950379 . _:b416951006 . _:b416950315 . _:b416951007 . _:b416951008 . _:b416951009 . _:b416950378 . _:b416950108 . _:b416951010 . _:b416951011 . _:b416951012 . _:b416951013 . _:b416950389 . _:b416949477 . _:b416951014 . . _:b416951015 . _:b416951016 . . _:b416950388 . _:b416951017 . _:b416951018 . _:b416950259 . _:b416951019 . _:b416951020 . _:b416951021 . _:b416950391 . _:b416951022 . _:b416951023 . . _:b416951024 . _:b416951025 . _:b416950390 . . _:b416950522 . _:b416951026 . _:b416951027 . _:b416951028 . _:b416951029 . _:b416950385 . _:b416951030 . _:b416951031 . _:b416951032 . _:b416951033 . _:b416950384 . _:b416951034 . _:b416951035 . _:b416951036 . _:b416951037 . _:b416950387 . _:b416951038 . . _:b416951039 . _:b416950912 . _:b416950864 . . _:b416950386 . _:b416950105 . _:b416950913 . _:b416950914 . _:b416950915 . _:b416949930 . _:b416950916 . _:b416950917 . _:b6279096 "Several recent studies have focused attention on Paneth cells as having a primary role in IBD pathogenesis 21, >>22<< and intestinal homeostasis 37." . _:b416951500 . _:b416950397 . _:b416950918 . _:b416950030 . _:b416950919 . . _:b416950920 . _:b416950921 . _:b416950396 . _:b416950922 . _:b416950923 . _:b416950924 . _:b416951417 . . _:b416950399 . _:b416950925 . . _:b416950926 . _:b416950927 . _:b416950846 . _:b416950928 . _:b416950929 . _:b416950398 . _:b416950930 . _:b416950931 . _:b416950932 . _:b416950933 . _:b416950393 . _:b416950934 . _:b416950935 . _:b416950936 . _:b416949953 . _:b416950392 . _:b416950937 . . _:b416950938 . _:b416951011 . _:b416950939 . _:b416950940 . _:b416950941 . _:b416950395 . _:b416950942 . . _:b416950863 . _:b416950943 . _:b416950944 . _:b416950945 . _:b416950394 . _:b416950946 . _:b416950947 . . _:b416950948 . _:b416950949 . _:b416950859 . _:b416950427 . _:b416950405 . . _:b416950950 . . _:b416950951 . _:b416950952 . _:b416950953 . _:b416950567 . _:b416950404 . _:b416950954 . _:b416950955 . _:b416950956 . _:b416950957 . _:b416950407 . _:b416950958 . _:b416950959 . _:b416950960 . _:b416950961 . _:b416950406 . _:b416949856 . _:b416950962 . . _:b416950963 . _:b416950964 . _:b416951326 . _:b416950965 . _:b416950401 . _:b416950966 . _:b416950967 . _:b416949720 . _:b416951000 . _:b416950968 . _:b416950969 . _:b416950400 . _:b416950970 . _:b416950399 . _:b416950971 . . _:b416950972 . _:b416950973 . _:b416950403 . _:b416950974 . _:b416950975 . _:b416950276 . . _:b416951104 . _:b416951105 . _:b416950402 . . _:b416951106 . _:b416951107 . _:b416950411 . _:b416951108 . _:b416951109 . _:b416950413 . _:b416951110 . _:b416951111 . _:b416951280 . _:b416951005 . _:b416951112 . _:b416951113 . _:b416950412 . _:b416951114 . _:b416951115 . _:b416950921 . _:b416950088 . _:b416951116 . _:b416951117 . _:b416950415 . _:b416951118 . _:b416951119 . . _:b416951120 . _:b416951121 . _:b416950414 . . _:b416951122 . _:b416951123 . _:b416951124 . . _:b416950409 . _:b416951125 . _:b416951126 . _:b416951127 . _:b416951128 . _:b416951129 . _:b416950408 . . _:b416950430 . _:b416951130 . _:b416951131 . _:b416951132 . _:b416951136 . . _:b416950411 . _:b416951133 . . _:b416951134 . . _:b416951135 . _:b416951136 . . _:b416950410 . _:b416951137 . . _:b416949461 . . _:b416951138 . _:b416951139 . . _:b416951140 . . _:b416950421 . _:b416951141 . . _:b416951142 . _:b416951143 . _:b416951144 . _:b416951145 . _:b416950420 . _:b416951146 . _:b416951147 . _:b416951148 . _:b416951149 . _:b416950423 . _:b416951150 . _:b416951366 . . _:b416950866 . _:b416951151 . . _:b416951152 . _:b416951153 . _:b416950422 . _:b416951154 . _:b416951155 . _:b416951156 . _:b6279031 . _:b416951278 . _:b416951157 . _:b416950417 . . _:b416951158 . _:b416951159 . _:b416950345 . . _:b416951160 . . . . _:b416950416 . _:b416951161 . _:b416951162 . _:b416951163 . _:b416951298 . _:b416951164 . _:b416951302 . _:b416951165 . _:b416950419 . _:b416951166 . _:b416951167 . _:b416951040 . _:b416949541 . _:b416950418 . _:b416951041 . . _:b416951042 . _:b416951043 . _:b416951342 . _:b416951044 . _:b416951045 . _:b416950429 . . _:b416951046 . . _:b416951047 . _:b416951048 . _:b416951049 . _:b416950428 . _:b416951050 . _:b416951051 . _:b416951052 . _:b416951053 . _:b416950431 . _:b416951054 . _:b416949485 . _:b416951055 . _:b416951056 . _:b416951057 . _:b416950430 . _:b416951058 . _:b416951059 . _:b416951060 . _:b6279039 . _:b416951061 . _:b416950425 . _:b416951062 . _:b416951063 . _:b416951064 . . _:b416950424 . _:b416951065 . _:b416951066 . _:b416951067 . _:b416951068 . _:b416951069 . _:b416950427 . _:b416951070 . _:b416951071 . _:b416951072 . _:b416949913 . _:b416950426 . _:b416951073 . _:b416951074 . _:b416951075 . _:b416951076 . _:b416950115 . _:b416949456 . _:b416950437 . _:b416951077 . _:b416951078 . _:b416951079 . _:b6279025 "To examine this possibility, we used 16S rRNA technology to analyze the intestinal microbiota in two complementary mouse models: DEFA5 transgenic (tg) mice >>18<< express physiologically relevant amounts of the human Paneth cell \u03B1-defensin 5 (DEFA5) in mouse Paneth cells, and MMP7-deficient mice 17 lack the enzyme needed for processing and activation of murine Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins and thus serve" . _:b416951080 . _:b416951081 . _:b416950436 . _:b416950020 . _:b416951082 . _:b416951083 . . _:b416951084 . . _:b416951085 . _:b416950439 . _:b416951086 . _:b416951087 . _:b416951400 . . _:b416951088 . _:b416951089 . _:b416950438 . _:b416950021 . _:b416951090 . _:b416951091 . _:b416951092 . . _:b416950433 . _:b416951093 . _:b416951094 . _:b416951095 . . _:b416951096 . _:b416951097 . _:b416950432 . _:b416951098 . _:b416949698 . _:b416951099 . _:b416951100 . . _:b416950435 . _:b416951101 . _:b416951102 . . _:b416951103 . _:b416951232 . _:b416950647 . _:b416951233 . _:b416950434 . . _:b416950283 . _:b416951234 . _:b416951235 . _:b416949769 . _:b416951236 . . _:b416950445 . _:b416951237 . _:b416949732 . _:b416951238 . _:b416951264 . _:b416951239 . _:b416951240 . _:b416951241 . _:b416950444 . _:b416951242 . _:b416951243 . _:b416951244 . _:b416951245 . _:b416950447 . . _:b416951246 . _:b416951247 . _:b416950043 . _:b416951248 . . _:b416950446 . _:b416951249 . . _:b416951250 . _:b416949772 . _:b416951251 . _:b416951252 . _:b416951253 . _:b416950441 . _:b416949763 . _:b416951254 . _:b416951255 . _:b416951256 . _:b416951257 . _:b416950440 . _:b416951258 . _:b416951259 . _:b416950106 . _:b416951260 . _:b416951261 . _:b416951198 . _:b416950443 . . _:b416951268 . _:b416950520 . _:b416951262 . . _:b416950898 . _:b416951263 . . _:b416951264 . _:b416951265 . _:b416950442 . _:b416951266 . _:b416951345 . _:b416951267 . _:b416951268 . _:b416950620 . . _:b416950453 . _:b416951269 . . _:b416951270 . . _:b416951271 . _:b416951272 . _:b416951273 . _:b416950452 . _:b416951274 . _:b416951275 . _:b416951276 . _:b416951277 . _:b416950455 . _:b416951278 . _:b416951279 . _:b416951280 . _:b416951281 . _:b416950454 . . _:b416951282 . _:b416951283 . _:b416951284 . . _:b416950449 . _:b416951285 . _:b416949609 . _:b416951286 . . _:b416951287 . _:b416951288 . . _:b416950448 . _:b416951289 . _:b416951290 . _:b416951291 . _:b416951292 . _:b416951293 . _:b416950451 . _:b416951294 . _:b416951295 . . _:b416951168 . _:b416951169 . _:b416950450 . _:b416951170 . . _:b416951171 . _:b416951172 . _:b416951420 . _:b416951173 . _:b416950461 . . _:b416951174 . _:b416949867 . _:b416951175 . . _:b416951176 . _:b416951177 . _:b416950460 . . _:b416951178 . . _:b416951179 . _:b416951180 . _:b416951181 . _:b416950463 . _:b416951182 . _:b416951183 . _:b416951184 . _:b416951185 . _:b416951098 . _:b416950462 . _:b416951186 . _:b416951187 . _:b416951188 . _:b416951189 . _:b416950457 . _:b416951190 . . _:b416950354 . _:b416951191 . . _:b416951192 . _:b416951193 . _:b416950456 . _:b416951194 . _:b416951195 . _:b416950989 . . _:b416951196 . _:b416949488 . _:b416950459 . _:b416951197 . . _:b416951198 . _:b416951199 . _:b416951200 . _:b416951530 . _:b416951201 . _:b416950458 . _:b416951202 . _:b416951203 . _:b416949884 . _:b416951204 . _:b416951205 . _:b416950469 . _:b416951206 . _:b416951207 . _:b416951208 . _:b416950139 . _:b416951209 . _:b416950468 . _:b416951210 . _:b416951211 . _:b416951212 . . _:b416950471 . _:b416951213 . . _:b416951214 . _:b416949582 . _:b416951215 . _:b416951216 . _:b416951217 . _:b416950470 . _:b416951218 . _:b416951219 . . _:b416951220 . . _:b416951221 . _:b416950465 . _:b416951222 . _:b416949469 . _:b416951223 . _:b416951224 . _:b416951225 . _:b416950464 . _:b416951226 . _:b416951227 . . _:b416951060 . _:b416951228 . _:b416951229 . _:b416950467 . _:b416950142 . _:b416951230 . . _:b416951231 . _:b416951360 . _:b416951361 . _:b416950466 . _:b416951362 . _:b416951363 . _:b416951364 . _:b416951208 . _:b416951096 . _:b416951365 . _:b416950477 . _:b416951366 . . _:b416951137 . _:b416951367 . _:b416951368 . _:b416950943 . . _:b416950476 . _:b416951369 . _:b416951370 . . _:b416951371 . . _:b416951372 . _:b416951373 . _:b416950479 . _:b416951374 . . _:b416951375 . _:b416951376 . _:b416951377 . _:b416950478 . _:b416951378 . _:b416951379 . _:b416951380 . _:b416951381 . _:b416950473 . _:b416951382 . _:b416951383 . _:b416951384 . _:b416951385 . _:b416950472 . . _:b416951386 . _:b416951387 . . _:b416951334 . _:b416951388 . _:b416951389 . _:b416950475 . . _:b416951390 . _:b416951391 . _:b416951392 . _:b416951393 . _:b416950474 . _:b416951394 . _:b416951395 . . _:b416950196 . _:b416951396 . _:b416951397 . _:b416950485 . _:b416951398 . _:b416951399 . _:b416951400 . _:b416951510 . _:b416951401 . _:b416950484 . _:b416951402 . _:b416949879 . _:b416951311 . _:b416951403 . _:b416951404 . _:b416951405 . _:b416950487 . _:b416951406 . _:b416951407 . _:b416951408 . _:b416951409 . _:b416950486 . _:b416951410 . _:b416951411 . _:b416951412 . _:b416951413 . _:b416950481 . . _:b416951414 . . _:b416951415 . . _:b416951416 . _:b416951417 . _:b416950480 . _:b416951418 . _:b416951419 . _:b416951420 . _:b416951421 . _:b416950483 . _:b416951422 . _:b416951423 . _:b416951296 . _:b416951133 . . _:b416950482 . _:b416951297 . _:b416949672 . _:b416951298 . _:b416951299 . _:b416950731 . _:b416951300 . _:b416951301 . _:b416950493 . _:b416951302 . _:b416951303 . . _:b416951304 . _:b416951305 . _:b416951457 . _:b416950492 . _:b416951306 . _:b416951307 . _:b416951308 . _:b416950544 . . _:b416950495 . _:b416951309 . _:b416951310 . _:b416949552 . _:b416951311 . _:b416949715 . _:b416951256 . _:b416951312 . _:b416951313 . _:b416951113 . _:b416950494 . _:b416951314 . _:b416951315 . _:b416951316 . . _:b416951317 . _:b416950489 . . _:b416951318 . _:b416951319 . _:b416951320 . _:b416951321 . _:b416950488 . _:b416949688 . _:b416951322 . _:b416951323 . _:b416951324 . _:b416951325 . _:b416950491 . _:b416951326 . _:b416951327 . _:b416951328 . _:b416951329 . _:b416951475 . _:b416950490 . _:b416951330 . . _:b416951331 . _:b416951332 . . . _:b416950501 . _:b416951333 . _:b416951334 . _:b416951335 . _:b416951336 . . _:b416950500 . _:b416951337 . . . _:b416951338 . _:b416951339 . _:b416951340 . _:b416950198 . _:b416951341 . _:b416950503 . _:b416951342 . _:b416951343 . _:b416951344 . _:b416951345 . _:b416950502 . . _:b416951346 . . _:b416949677 . _:b416951347 . _:b416949492 . _:b416951348 . _:b416951349 . _:b416950497 . _:b416951350 . _:b416951351 . . _:b416951352 . _:b416951353 . _:b416950496 . _:b416951354 . . _:b416951355 . _:b416949522 . _:b416951356 . _:b416950462 . _:b416951357 . _:b416950499 . _:b416951358 . _:b416951359 . _:b416950333 . . _:b416951488 . _:b416951489 . _:b416950498 . _:b416951490 . _:b416951491 . _:b416951492 . _:b416951493 . _:b416950509 . _:b416951494 . _:b416951495 . . _:b416951496 . . _:b416950508 . _:b416951497 . _:b416951498 . _:b416951499 . . _:b416951500 . _:b416951501 . _:b416950511 . _:b416950497 . _:b416951502 . _:b416951503 . _:b416951504 . . _:b416950510 . _:b416949886 . _:b416951505 . _:b416951506 . _:b416951507 . _:b416949810 . _:b416951508 . . _:b416951509 . _:b416950997 . _:b416950505 . _:b416951510 . _:b416951511 . _:b416950571 . _:b416951512 . _:b416951513 . _:b416950504 . . _:b416950501 . _:b416951514 . _:b416951515 . _:b416951516 . _:b416950419 . _:b416951517 . _:b416950507 . _:b416951518 . _:b416951519 . _:b416951520 . . _:b416950506 . _:b416951521 . _:b416951522 . _:b416950893 . _:b416951523 . _:b416951524 . _:b416951525 . _:b416950517 . _:b416951526 . _:b416951527 . . _:b416951528 . _:b416951529 . _:b416950516 . . _:b416951530 . . _:b416951531 . _:b416951353 . _:b416951532 . _:b416950704 . _:b416951533 . _:b416950519 . _:b416951534 . _:b416950136 . _:b416951535 . _:b416951170 . . _:b416951536 . _:b416949811 . . _:b416951184 . _:b416950518 . _:b416951537 . _:b416951538 . _:b416951539 . _:b416951540 . _:b416950056 . _:b416949873 . _:b416950513 . _:b416951541 . _:b416949624 . _:b416951542 . _:b416951543 . _:b416951544 . _:b416951545 . _:b416950512 . . _:b416951546 . . _:b416951547 . . _:b416951548 . _:b416951549 . _:b416950515 . _:b416951550 . _:b416951551 . _:b416951424 . _:b416951425 . _:b416950514 . _:b416951426 . _:b416951427 . _:b416951428 . _:b416951123 . _:b416950455 . _:b416951429 . _:b416950525 . _:b416951430 . _:b416951431 . _:b416951432 . _:b416951433 . _:b416950524 . . _:b416951434 . . _:b416951435 . _:b416951436 . _:b416951437 . _:b416950527 . _:b416951438 . _:b416951537 . _:b416951315 . _:b416951439 . . _:b416951440 . _:b416951441 . _:b416950526 . _:b416951442 . . _:b416951443 . _:b416951444 . _:b416951445 . _:b416950521 . _:b416951446 . _:b416951447 . _:b416951448 . _:b416949691 . _:b416951369 . _:b416950520 . _:b416951449 . _:b416951450 . _:b416951451 . _:b416951452 . . _:b416950558 . _:b416950523 . _:b416951453 . _:b416951454 . _:b416951455 . . _:b416951456 . . _:b416950522 . _:b416951457 . . . _:b416951458 . . _:b416951459 . _:b416951460 . _:b416951461 . _:b416950254 . _:b416951462 . _:b416950072 . _:b416951463 . _:b416950153 . _:b416951464 . _:b416951465 . _:b416951466 . _:b416951467 . _:b416951468 . _:b416951469 . . _:b416951470 . _:b416951471 . _:b416951472 . . _:b416951473 . _:b416951474 . _:b416949473 . _:b416950423 . _:b416951475 . . . _:b416951476 . _:b416951477 . _:b416951478 . _:b416950631 . _:b416951479 . _:b416951350 . _:b416950407 . _:b416951480 . _:b416951481 . _:b416951482 . _:b416951483 . _:b416951484 . _:b416950067 . _:b416951485 . _:b416951486 . _:b416951487 . . . _:b416950511 . . _:b416950291 . _:b416949880 . . _:b416949877 . . _:b416950227 . . . _:b416951135 . . . _:b416950352 . _:b416950314 . _:b416950818 . _:b416949476 . . . _:b416951552 . _:b416951553 . _:b416951554 . _:b416951555 . _:b6279075 . _:b416951556 . _:b416951557 . . _:b416951558 . _:b416951559 . _:b416951560 . _:b416951561 . _:b416951562 . _:b416951563 . _:b416951564 . _:b416950574 . _:b416951565 . _:b416951566 . _:b416950174 . _:b416951567 . _:b416951568 . . _:b416951569 . . . . _:b416951570 . _:b416951571 . _:b416950962 . _:b416951572 . . _:b416951573 . _:b416950945 . _:b416951574 . _:b416951575 . _:b416951576 . . _:b416951577 . _:b416951578 . _:b416950676 . _:b416951579 . . _:b416951580 . _:b416951581 . _:b416951582 . _:b416951583 . . _:b416951148 . . . . . . _:b416951320 . _:b416950641 . _:b416950034 . . . _:b416950049 . . _:b416951399 . . _:b416949949 . _:b416950415 . _:b416951040 . _:b416950666 . _:b416950383 . _:b416949960 . _:b416950933 . . . . _:b416951451 . . _:b416949891 . _:b416950494 . _:b416949948 . . . . . _:b416949523 . _:b416951449 . . . _:b416950657 . . _:b416949650 . _:b416949757 . _:b416950659 . . . . . . _:b6279053 "However analysis of the small intestines of litters from vendor-obtained FVB parents using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) >>36<< demonstrated abundant SFB associated with the mucosa (Fig." . _:b416949608 . . _:b416950278 . . _:b416951105 . . . _:b416950966 . . . _:b416951090 . . _:b6279050 . _:b416951382 . . _:b416949632 . _:b416950349 . _:b416951122 . . _:b416949967 . . _:b416951540 . . _:b416949986 . . . _:b416949762 . _:b416950841 . _:b416951577 . . _:b416949819 . _:b416950439 . _:b416950907 . . _:b416950687 . . . . _:b416950780 . . . . _:b416950700 . _:b416950529 . _:b416950084 . _:b416950870 . _:b416950266 . _:b416949858 . . . . _:b416950897 . _:b416950791 . _:b416950881 . _:b6279029 "Given recent investigations demonstrating the involvement of Paneth cells 21, 22, and decreased expression of Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins in patients with ileal Crohn\u2019s disease >>23<<, our findings support the hypothesis that \u03B1-defensin deficiency may contribute to the host-microbe dysbiosis and enhanced inflammatory responsiveness associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis." . _:b416951575 . . _:b6279019 . . _:b6279042 . . . _:b6279064 "As previously described for SFB >>47<< using a combination of 6Fam labeled SFB specific oligo (SFB1008 6Fam-GCGAGCTTCCCTCATTACAAGG, 29) and TR-labeled universal bacterial probe (Bact338 TR-GCTGCCTCCGTAGGAGT) (Operon Technologies)." . _:b416950536 . . . _:b416950605 . _:b416950940 . . _:b416950560 . _:b416949679 . _:b416950667 . _:b416950219 . _:b416949924 . _:b416950512 . . . _:b416949934 . _:b416950663 . _:b6279048 . _:b416950992 . . _:b416950335 . . _:b416949947 . _:b416950648 . _:b416951440 . . _:b6279081 "Analyses of interactions between IgA and commensal bacteria have revealed a dynamic interaction between the microbiota and mucosal immune factors 13, 41, >>42<<. Together, the emerging picture suggests that a dynamic and intimate interplay between host and microbiota facilitates mucosal homeostasis and normal host physiology 43. Here, we identify Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins, key effector molecules of" . _:b416950828 . _:b416950393 . _:b416950644 . _:b416950168 . . _:b416951019 . _:b416949737 . _:b416951130 . _:b6279036 . _:b416951535 . . _:b6279094 "Several studies have characterized abnormalities in the colonizing microbiota in Crohn\u2019s disease>>46<<, supporting the notion that an imbalance of the host-microbe homeostasis at the intestinal mucosa may underlie dysbiosis and disease pathogenesis." . _:b416950413 . _:b416950382 . _:b416950618 . _:b416950550 . . . . . . _:b416950384 . _:b416949888 . . _:b6279024 "afcsid=A001477), also called matrilysin) >>20<<. In addition to this host defense role, \u03B1-defensins may play an undocumented homeostatic role in establishing and maintaining the intestinal microbiota." . _:b416951196 . _:b416950405 . . _:b416950362 . . . _:b416951069 . . _:b416951569 . _:b416950762 . _:b416950322 . _:b416950722 . . . . _:b416951548 . _:b416951181 . _:b416951111 . _:b416950711 . _:b416950517 . _:b416950756 . _:b416951444 . _:b416950844 . _:b416951473 . . . . _:b416949978 . . _:b416949869 . _:b416950778 . . . _:b416950197 . _:b416950410 . _:b416949850 . . . . _:b416949827 . _:b416951182 . . _:b416950852 . . . _:b416950192 . _:b416951303 . . _:b416949491 . . _:b416950806 . _:b416951305 . . . . _:b416949866 . _:b416951267 . . _:b6279048 "This morphologically distinct bacterium has been identified in the intestinal tract of several animal models, including mice >>24<<, rabbits 33 and chickens 34, but is not cultivable." . . _:b416950376 . . _:b416950339 . . . . . _:b416950554 . _:b416950267 . . . . _:b416950348 . _:b416950013 . _:b416949642 . _:b416949520 . _:b416950608 . . _:b416949837 . _:b416951421 . . _:b416949969 . _:b416950396 . _:b416950979 . . _:b416951561 . _:b416949774 . _:b416950443 . . . _:b6279014 "introduction" . _:b416950970 . . . . . _:b416951120 . _:b416949508 . . . _:b416949590 . _:b416950028 . . _:b416951356 . . _:b416951494 . . . _:b416951358 . . _:b416950368 . _:b416950491 . . _:b6279066 "RNA was isolated, quantified and reverse transcribed as previously described >>48<<. Gene specific real-time PCR primers (Supplementary Table 3) were selected using MacVector software (MacVector, Inc.), and purchased from Invitrogen. Real-time PCR was performed on the tissue-specific cDNA as a template with specific" . . _:b416949794 . _:b416949530 . . _:b416949970 . _:b416950523 . _:b416951442 . _:b416950486 . . _:b416949641 . _:b416951056 . _:b416950404 . . _:b416950576 . _:b416951448 . _:b6279096 . . _:b416949713 . _:b416949807 . _:b416950843 . _:b416949668 . _:b416951299 . . _:b416950855 . . . _:b416951282 . . . . _:b6279103 . _:b416951293 . . _:b416950118 . . _:b416951189 . _:b416951571 . _:b416951506 . . . . _:b416950183 . _:b6279014 . . _:b416951126 . _:b6279015 . _:b416950993 . . _:b416951029 . . _:b416949709 . . . . . _:b416949447 . _:b6279020 . . _:b416950037 . _:b6279021 . . . _:b6279022 . . _:b416951221 . . _:b6279023 . . _:b6279016 . . . _:b416949728 . . _:b6279017 . . . _:b416949683 . . _:b6279018 . . _:b416949895 . . _:b6279019 . _:b6279028 . . _:b6279029 . . _:b416950530 . . _:b6279030 . . _:b6279031 . _:b6279024 . _:b6279025 . . . _:b6279026 . _:b416949585 . . _:b6279027 . . . _:b416950022 . _:b6279036 . _:b416950392 . . . _:b6279037 . _:b6279038 . _:b416949644 . _:b416951288 . _:b6279039 . _:b416950713 . _:b416951432 . _:b6279032 . _:b416951445 . _:b6279033 . . _:b416949958 . _:b6279034 . _:b416950478 . _:b6279035 . . . _:b6279044 . . _:b6279045 . _:b6279046 . . _:b416949640 . . . _:b6279047 . . . . _:b6279040 . . _:b6279038 . _:b416951163 . _:b6279041 . _:b6279042 . "10.1038%2Fni.1825" . _:b6279043 . _:b416950211 . _:b6279037 . _:b6279052 . _:b416949765 "5"^^ . _:b416950559 . _:b416949993 . . _:b6279053 . _:b416949764 "5"^^ . . _:b6279054 . _:b416949767 "5"^^ . _:b416950650 . _:b6279055 . _:b416949766 "5"^^ . _:b416950073 . . _:b6279048 . _:b416949761 "5"^^ . _:b416951010 . _:b416950300 . _:b6279049 . _:b416949760 "5"^^ . . _:b6279050 . _:b416949763 "5"^^ . . _:b416951277 . . _:b6279051 . _:b416949762 "5"^^ . _:b416950019 . _:b6279060 . _:b416949773 "5"^^ . _:b6279061 . _:b416949772 "5"^^ . _:b6279062 . _:b416949775 "5"^^ . . _:b6279063 . _:b416949774 "5"^^ . . _:b6279074 "Several recent studies probed the impact of the intestinal bacteria on host gene expression 39, >>40<<. Other recent investigations have demonstrated that hosts including mice 9, 37, drosophila 10, and zebrafish 8 are involved in establishing the composition of their intestinal microbiomes. Analyses of interactions between IgA and" . _:b6279056 . _:b416949769 "5"^^ . _:b416950230 . _:b416949768 "5"^^ . _:b416949710 . _:b6279057 . _:b416950173 . _:b6279058 . _:b416949771 "5"^^ . . _:b416950793 . _:b416949812 . _:b6279059 . _:b416949770 "5"^^ . . _:b416951339 . _:b6279068 . _:b416949781 "5"^^ . _:b6279069 . _:b416949780 "5"^^ . _:b6279070 . _:b416949783 "5"^^ . _:b416951543 . _:b416949782 "5"^^ . _:b6279071 . _:b416951204 . _:b416951236 . _:b6279064 . _:b416949777 "5"^^ . . _:b416950853 . . _:b6279065 . _:b416950977 . _:b416949776 "5"^^ . _:b416951555 . _:b6279066 . _:b416949779 "5"^^ . . _:b6279067 . _:b416949778 "5"^^ . _:b416949789 "4"^^ . _:b6279076 . . _:b416951004 . _:b416949788 "4"^^ . _:b6279077 . _:b416951312 . _:b416949791 "4"^^ . _:b6279078 . _:b416949790 "4"^^ . _:b6279079 . . . _:b6279072 . _:b416949785 "5"^^ . . . . _:b6279073 . _:b416949784 "5"^^ . . _:b416949787 "4"^^ . _:b6279091 . _:b6279074 . _:b416950420 . _:b416949786 "4"^^ . _:b6279075 . _:b416950556 . _:b416949797 "4"^^ . _:b6279084 . _:b416949796 "4"^^ . _:b6279085 . _:b416950248 . _:b416949799 "4"^^ . _:b6279086 . _:b416949653 . . _:b416949824 . _:b416949798 "4"^^ . _:b6279087 . _:b416949793 "4"^^ . _:b6279080 . . _:b416949792 "4"^^ . _:b6279081 . . _:b416951351 . _:b416949795 "4"^^ . _:b6279082 . _:b416950653 . _:b416949794 "4"^^ . _:b6279083 . . _:b416950597 . _:b416949805 "4"^^ . _:b6279092 . _:b416950904 . _:b416949804 "4"^^ . _:b6279093 . _:b416949807 "4"^^ . _:b6279094 . _:b416950588 . . _:b416949806 "4"^^ . _:b6279095 . _:b6279086 . . . _:b416949801 "4"^^ . _:b6279088 . . _:b416949800 "4"^^ . _:b6279089 . _:b6279084 . . _:b416951306 . _:b416949803 "4"^^ . _:b6279090 . _:b416949802 "4"^^ . _:b6279091 . _:b416951426 . _:b416949813 "4"^^ . _:b6279100 . . . _:b6279101 . _:b416949812 "4"^^ . . _:b416950119 . . _:b416949815 "4"^^ . _:b6279102 . _:b416950531 . _:b6279044 "Mmp7+/\u2212 B6 mice contain enough MMP7 enzyme to process prodefensins and therefore have normal amounts of processed Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins >>17<<. Consistent with this finding, the microbiota of Mmp7+/\u2212 B6 mice was equivalent to that of Mmp7+/+ B6 mice (Fig. 3d). While these data provide additional support for our hypothesis that the composition of the intestinal microbiota of mice" . _:b416949814 "4"^^ . _:b6279103 . _:b416949809 "4"^^ . _:b6279096 . _:b416950820 . . _:b416951536 . . _:b416950033 . _:b416949808 "4"^^ . _:b6279097 . . . _:b416950521 . _:b416950912 . _:b416949811 "4"^^ . _:b6279098 . . _:b416949810 "4"^^ . _:b6279099 . . . _:b416949821 "4"^^ . _:b416951062 . _:b416949971 . _:b416951150 . _:b416949820 "4"^^ . . _:b6279078 "Other recent investigations have demonstrated that hosts including mice 9, 37, drosophila 10, and zebrafish >>8<< are involved in establishing the composition of their intestinal microbiomes." . . _:b416949823 "4"^^ . _:b416951424 . . . . _:b416949822 "4"^^ . . _:b416951055 . _:b416949817 "4"^^ . _:b416951265 . _:b416950460 . _:b416949621 . _:b416950661 . _:b416949816 "4"^^ . _:b416951533 . _:b416950652 . _:b416949819 "4"^^ . _:b416949818 "4"^^ . _:b6279058 . _:b416949465 . _:b416950453 . _:b416949829 "4"^^ . _:b416949828 "4"^^ . _:b416949831 "4"^^ . _:b416951153 . . _:b416949511 . _:b416949830 "4"^^ . _:b416950308 . _:b416951301 "2"^^ . _:b416949825 "4"^^ . _:b6279061 . _:b416951300 "2"^^ . _:b416949824 "4"^^ . _:b416951303 "2"^^ . _:b416949827 "4"^^ . _:b416951563 . _:b416950311 . . _:b416951302 "2"^^ . . _:b416949826 "4"^^ . . _:b416949711 . _:b416950398 . _:b416951297 "2"^^ . _:b416949837 "4"^^ . _:b416950208 . . _:b416950225 . _:b416951296 "2"^^ . _:b416949836 "4"^^ . . . _:b416951299 "2"^^ . _:b416949839 "4"^^ . . _:b416949768 . _:b416951298 "2"^^ . _:b416949838 "4"^^ . _:b416949977 . . _:b416950599 . _:b416951309 "2"^^ . _:b416949833 "4"^^ . . _:b416950484 . _:b416951308 "2"^^ . _:b416949832 "4"^^ . _:b416951311 "2"^^ . _:b416949835 "4"^^ . _:b416949513 . _:b416951310 "2"^^ . _:b416951201 . _:b416949834 "4"^^ . _:b416950632 . _:b416951178 . _:b416951305 "2"^^ . _:b416949845 "4"^^ . _:b416950712 . _:b416950836 . _:b416951304 "2"^^ . _:b416949844 "4"^^ . . . . _:b416951307 "2"^^ . _:b416949847 "4"^^ . _:b416949759 . _:b416951306 "2"^^ . _:b416949846 "4"^^ . _:b6279049 . _:b416951317 "2"^^ . _:b416949841 "4"^^ . _:b416951419 . _:b416950596 . . _:b416951316 "2"^^ . _:b416949840 "4"^^ . . . _:b416951319 "2"^^ . _:b416949843 "4"^^ . . . _:b416951318 "2"^^ . _:b416949842 "4"^^ . _:b416950031 . _:b416951097 . _:b416951313 "2"^^ . _:b416949853 "4"^^ . _:b416951193 . _:b416951312 "2"^^ . _:b416949852 "4"^^ . _:b6279054 "This also supports the view that Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins may exert their greatest affect on mucosa-associated bacteria as has been proposed for other Paneth cell antimicrobials >>37<<." . _:b416951315 "2"^^ . _:b416949855 "4"^^ . _:b416951314 "2"^^ . _:b416949854 "4"^^ . _:b6279034 . _:b6279035 . _:b416951325 "2"^^ . _:b416949849 "4"^^ . . . _:b416951324 "2"^^ . _:b416949538 . _:b416949848 "4"^^ . _:b416951572 . _:b416951327 "2"^^ . _:b416949851 "4"^^ . _:b416949572 . _:b416951326 "2"^^ . _:b416949875 . _:b416949850 "4"^^ . _:b416950251 . _:b416951321 "2"^^ . _:b416949861 "4"^^ . _:b6279025 . _:b416949449 . . _:b416951197 . . _:b416949785 . _:b416951320 "2"^^ . _:b416949860 "4"^^ . _:b6279037 . _:b416950464 . _:b416951323 "2"^^ . _:b416949863 "4"^^ . . _:b6279037 . . . _:b416951322 "2"^^ . _:b416949862 "4"^^ . . _:b416951285 . _:b416951515 . . _:b416951333 "2"^^ . . _:b416949857 "4"^^ . _:b416949987 . _:b416950983 . _:b416951332 "2"^^ . _:b416949856 "4"^^ . _:b416951348 . _:b416951335 "2"^^ . _:b416949859 "4"^^ . _:b416950955 . . _:b416951334 "2"^^ . . _:b416949858 "4"^^ . . _:b416951329 "2"^^ . _:b416950624 . _:b416949869 "4"^^ . . _:b416951328 "2"^^ . _:b416949868 "4"^^ . . _:b416951294 . _:b416951331 "2"^^ . _:b416949871 "4"^^ . _:b6279023 . _:b416949598 . _:b416950957 . . _:b416951330 "2"^^ . _:b416949870 "4"^^ . _:b416951341 "2"^^ . _:b6279049 "This morphologically distinct bacterium has been identified in the intestinal tract of several animal models, including mice 24, rabbits >>33<< and chickens 34, but is not cultivable." . _:b416949865 "4"^^ . . . _:b416951340 "2"^^ . _:b416950553 . _:b416949864 "4"^^ . _:b416951343 "2"^^ . _:b416949867 "4"^^ . . . . _:b6279029 . _:b416951342 "2"^^ . _:b416949866 "4"^^ . _:b416951337 "2"^^ . _:b416949877 "4"^^ . . _:b416951336 "2"^^ . _:b416949876 "4"^^ . _:b416951339 "2"^^ . _:b416949879 "4"^^ . . _:b416951338 "2"^^ . _:b416949878 "4"^^ . _:b416949690 . _:b416949846 . _:b416951349 "2"^^ . _:b416949873 "4"^^ . . _:b416949701 . _:b416951348 "2"^^ . _:b416949872 "4"^^ . _:b416949822 . _:b416950508 . _:b416951351 "2"^^ . _:b416949875 "4"^^ . . _:b416951350 "2"^^ . _:b416951545 . _:b416949874 "4"^^ . . _:b416951345 "2"^^ . _:b416949885 "4"^^ . . _:b416951344 "2"^^ . _:b416949884 "4"^^ . . _:b416951072 . _:b416951347 "2"^^ . _:b416951578 . _:b416949887 "4"^^ . . _:b416949591 . _:b416951346 "2"^^ . _:b416949886 "4"^^ . . _:b416951357 "2"^^ . _:b416949881 "4"^^ . _:b416950402 . _:b416951356 "2"^^ . _:b416949880 "4"^^ . . _:b416951359 "2"^^ . _:b416949883 "4"^^ . _:b6279091 "In addition, although DEFA5 is not normally part of the mouse Paneth cell armamentarium 44, the DEFA5 transgene was expressed in physiologically relevant amounts for a mouse Paneth cell >>18<<. This human \u03B1-defensin does not have a clear orthologue in mice and has an antimicrobial spectrum that is somewhat distinct from the murine crypt \u03B1-defensins 45. Nevertheless, the data generated using these two reciprocal mouse models" . _:b416949747 . . _:b416951358 "2"^^ . _:b416949882 "4"^^ . . _:b416951353 "2"^^ . _:b416949893 "4"^^ . _:b416949466 . . _:b416951352 "2"^^ . . _:b416949874 . _:b416949892 "4"^^ . . _:b416951355 "2"^^ . . . _:b416949895 "4"^^ . _:b416951476 . . . _:b416951354 "2"^^ . _:b416949894 "4"^^ . _:b416951365 "2"^^ . _:b416949889 "4"^^ . _:b416951144 . _:b416951364 "2"^^ . _:b416949888 "4"^^ . _:b416951367 "2"^^ . _:b416949891 "4"^^ . . . _:b416951366 "2"^^ . _:b416949890 "4"^^ . . . . _:b416951361 "2"^^ . _:b416949901 "4"^^ . _:b416949784 . . _:b416951360 "2"^^ . _:b416950044 . _:b416949900 "4"^^ . _:b416950542 . _:b416951363 "2"^^ . _:b416949903 "4"^^ . _:b416951362 "2"^^ . _:b416949902 "4"^^ . . _:b416951373 "2"^^ . _:b416949897 "4"^^ . _:b416951372 "2"^^ . _:b416949896 "4"^^ . _:b416950005 . _:b416950681 . _:b416949729 . _:b416951466 . _:b416951375 "2"^^ . _:b416949899 "4"^^ . _:b416949661 . _:b416951374 "2"^^ . _:b416949898 "4"^^ . _:b416951369 "2"^^ . _:b416949909 "4"^^ . _:b416951272 . . _:b416949965 . _:b416951368 "2"^^ . _:b416949908 "4"^^ . _:b416949853 . _:b416951371 "2"^^ . _:b416949911 "4"^^ . . . _:b416951370 "2"^^ . _:b416949910 "4"^^ . . _:b416950688 . _:b416951381 "2"^^ . _:b416949905 "4"^^ . . . _:b416951380 "2"^^ . _:b416949904 "4"^^ . _:b6279028 . _:b416951383 "2"^^ . _:b416949907 "4"^^ . _:b416950906 . _:b416951382 "2"^^ . _:b416949906 "4"^^ . _:b6279035 "Overall, the percentages for each class of bacteria revealed the predominance of two phyla, the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, consistent with previous investigations (Table 1) 8, 26, >>27<<." . . _:b416951377 "2"^^ . _:b416949917 "4"^^ . . _:b416951360 . _:b416950880 . _:b416951376 "2"^^ . _:b416949916 "4"^^ . _:b416949739 . _:b416951379 "2"^^ . _:b416949919 "4"^^ . _:b416950754 . _:b416950385 . _:b416951378 "2"^^ . _:b416949918 "4"^^ . _:b416950741 . . . . _:b416951389 "2"^^ . _:b416949727 . _:b416949913 "4"^^ . . . . _:b416951388 "2"^^ . _:b416949912 "4"^^ . _:b416951031 . _:b416950942 . . _:b416950050 . _:b416951391 "2"^^ . _:b416949915 "4"^^ . _:b6279033 "Overall, the percentages for each class of bacteria revealed the predominance of two phyla, the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, consistent with previous investigations (Table 1) >>8<<, 26, 27." . _:b416949997 . _:b416950261 . _:b416951390 "2"^^ . _:b416949914 "4"^^ . . _:b416950826 . _:b416951385 "2"^^ . _:b416949925 "4"^^ . . . _:b416950770 . _:b416951384 "2"^^ . _:b416949924 "4"^^ . _:b416950365 . _:b416949600 . . _:b416949787 . _:b416951387 "2"^^ . _:b416949927 "4"^^ . _:b416951309 . _:b416951386 "2"^^ . _:b416949926 "4"^^ . _:b416951397 "2"^^ . _:b416949921 "4"^^ . _:b416951396 "2"^^ . _:b416949920 "4"^^ . _:b416951399 "2"^^ . _:b416949923 "4"^^ . _:b416951398 "2"^^ . _:b416949922 "4"^^ . _:b416950603 . _:b416951393 "2"^^ . _:b416949933 "4"^^ . _:b416950875 . _:b416949697 . . _:b416949686 . _:b416951392 "2"^^ . _:b416949932 "4"^^ . _:b416949917 . _:b416951125 . _:b416951395 "2"^^ . _:b416949935 "4"^^ . _:b416949528 . . _:b416951394 "2"^^ . _:b416949934 "4"^^ . . . . _:b416951405 "2"^^ . _:b416949929 "4"^^ . . _:b416951404 "2"^^ . _:b416949928 "4"^^ . _:b416951295 . _:b416950458 . _:b416951407 "2"^^ . _:b416949931 "4"^^ . . _:b416951406 "2"^^ . _:b416949930 "4"^^ . _:b416951401 "2"^^ . . _:b416950485 . _:b416949941 "4"^^ . _:b416950002 . _:b416951400 "2"^^ . _:b416949940 "4"^^ . _:b416949943 "3"^^ . _:b416951403 "2"^^ . _:b416951173 . . _:b416951402 "2"^^ . _:b416949942 "4"^^ . _:b416951413 "2"^^ . _:b416949937 "4"^^ . . _:b416949705 . . _:b416951412 "2"^^ . _:b416949936 "4"^^ . _:b416951379 . _:b416951415 "2"^^ . _:b416949939 "4"^^ . . . _:b416949859 . _:b416951414 "2"^^ . _:b416950746 . _:b416949938 "4"^^ . . _:b416949949 "3"^^ . _:b416951409 "2"^^ . _:b416949931 . . _:b416949985 . . . _:b416949948 "3"^^ . _:b416951408 "2"^^ . _:b416949951 "3"^^ . _:b416951411 "2"^^ . . _:b416949580 . . _:b416949950 "3"^^ . _:b416951410 "2"^^ . . _:b416949945 "3"^^ . _:b416951421 "2"^^ . . . . _:b416949944 "3"^^ . _:b416951420 "2"^^ . . _:b416949947 "3"^^ . _:b416951423 "2"^^ . . _:b416950200 . _:b416949946 "3"^^ . _:b416951422 "2"^^ . _:b416951283 . _:b6279041 "We employed quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) >>30<< using both group-specific and kingdom-specific (Eubacterial) primers for 16S rRNA (Supplementary Table 2), targeting groups covering the dominant bacterial populations in the mouse intestinal tract 24." . . . _:b416950053 . _:b416949957 "3"^^ . _:b416951417 "2"^^ . . _:b416949956 "3"^^ . _:b416951416 "2"^^ . _:b416950177 . _:b416950499 . _:b416949959 "3"^^ . _:b416951419 "2"^^ . . . _:b416949958 "3"^^ . _:b416951418 "2"^^ . _:b416950879 . _:b416950771 . . _:b416949953 "3"^^ . _:b416951429 "2"^^ . _:b416949952 "3"^^ . _:b416951428 "2"^^ . . . _:b416949955 "3"^^ . _:b416951431 "2"^^ . _:b416949954 "3"^^ . _:b416951430 "2"^^ . _:b416949965 "3"^^ . _:b416951425 "2"^^ . . . _:b416949964 "3"^^ . _:b416951424 "2"^^ . . _:b416951427 "2"^^ . _:b416951300 . _:b416949967 "3"^^ . . _:b416950209 . . _:b416951426 "2"^^ . _:b416949966 "3"^^ . . _:b416949961 "3"^^ . _:b416951437 "2"^^ . . _:b416949960 "3"^^ . _:b416951436 "2"^^ . _:b416951047 . . . _:b416949963 "3"^^ . _:b416951439 "2"^^ . _:b416949962 "3"^^ . _:b416951438 "2"^^ . . . _:b416951433 "2"^^ . _:b416949973 "3"^^ . . _:b416950207 . _:b416949972 "3"^^ . _:b416951432 "2"^^ . . _:b416950928 . _:b416949975 "3"^^ . _:b416951435 "2"^^ . _:b416949740 . _:b416951434 "2"^^ . _:b416949974 "3"^^ . _:b416951048 . . _:b416951445 "2"^^ . _:b416949969 "3"^^ . . _:b416949968 "3"^^ . _:b416951444 "2"^^ . . _:b416950493 . . _:b416951447 "2"^^ . _:b416949971 "3"^^ . _:b416949946 . _:b416949970 "3"^^ . _:b416951446 "2"^^ . . _:b416949900 . _:b416949981 "3"^^ . _:b416951441 "2"^^ . . . _:b416951521 . . _:b416951440 "2"^^ . _:b416949980 "3"^^ . _:b416950744 . _:b416949983 "3"^^ . _:b416951443 "2"^^ . . _:b416950798 . _:b416949982 "3"^^ . _:b416951454 . _:b416951442 "2"^^ . _:b416950877 . _:b416949977 "3"^^ . _:b416951453 "2"^^ . . _:b416949976 "3"^^ . _:b416951452 "2"^^ . _:b416951374 . . _:b416950745 . _:b416949804 . _:b416951455 "2"^^ . _:b416949979 "3"^^ . . _:b416949978 "3"^^ . _:b416951454 "2"^^ . _:b416950040 . . _:b416951336 . _:b416950810 . _:b416949989 "3"^^ . _:b416951449 "2"^^ . _:b416951495 . . _:b416951448 "2"^^ . _:b416949988 "3"^^ . . _:b416950924 . _:b416949991 "3"^^ . _:b416951451 "2"^^ . _:b416949990 "3"^^ . _:b416951450 "2"^^ . . _:b416950714 . _:b416949985 "3"^^ . _:b416951461 "2"^^ . _:b416949440 . _:b416950764 . . _:b416949441 . _:b416949442 . _:b416951460 "2"^^ . _:b416950012 . _:b416949984 "3"^^ . _:b416949443 . _:b416949444 . _:b416949445 . _:b416949446 . _:b416951463 "2"^^ . _:b416949987 "3"^^ . _:b416949447 . _:b416949723 . _:b416949448 . _:b416949449 . _:b416949450 . _:b416951462 "2"^^ . _:b416949986 "3"^^ . _:b416949451 . _:b416951455 . _:b416949452 . _:b416949453 . _:b416949454 . _:b416951457 "2"^^ . _:b416949997 "3"^^ . . . _:b416949455 . _:b416949456 . _:b416949457 . _:b416949458 . _:b416951456 "2"^^ . _:b416949996 "3"^^ . _:b416949459 . _:b416949460 . . _:b416949461 . _:b416949462 . _:b416951459 "2"^^ . _:b416949999 "3"^^ . . _:b416949463 . _:b416949464 . _:b416949465 . _:b416951223 . _:b416949466 . _:b416951458 "2"^^ . _:b416949998 "3"^^ . . _:b416949467 . _:b416949468 . _:b416949469 . _:b416950750 . _:b416949470 . _:b416951469 "2"^^ . _:b416949993 "3"^^ . _:b416949471 . _:b416949472 . _:b416949473 . _:b416949474 . _:b416951468 "2"^^ . _:b416949992 "3"^^ . . _:b416949475 . _:b416949476 . _:b416949477 . _:b416949478 . _:b416951471 "2"^^ . _:b416950128 . _:b416949995 "3"^^ . _:b416949479 . _:b416949480 . _:b416949481 . . . _:b416949482 . _:b416951470 "2"^^ . _:b416951271 . _:b416949994 "3"^^ . _:b416949483 . _:b416949484 . _:b416949485 . . _:b416949486 . _:b416951465 "2"^^ . _:b416950220 . _:b416950005 "3"^^ . _:b416949487 . _:b416951021 . _:b416949488 . _:b416949489 . . _:b416949490 . _:b416951464 "2"^^ . _:b416950004 "3"^^ . _:b416949491 . _:b416949492 . _:b416949493 . _:b416949494 . _:b416951467 "2"^^ . _:b416950007 "3"^^ . _:b416949495 . _:b416949496 . _:b416949497 . _:b416949498 . _:b416951466 "2"^^ . _:b416950006 "3"^^ . _:b416949499 . . _:b416949500 . _:b416949501 . _:b416950482 . _:b416949502 . _:b416951477 "2"^^ . _:b416950001 "3"^^ . _:b416949503 . _:b416950000 "3"^^ . _:b416951476 "2"^^ . . _:b416950367 . . _:b416950003 "3"^^ . _:b416951479 "2"^^ . _:b416950935 . . _:b416951478 "2"^^ . _:b416950002 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950013 "3"^^ . _:b416951473 "2"^^ . _:b416949539 . _:b416950012 "3"^^ . _:b416951472 "2"^^ . _:b416950369 . _:b416949842 . _:b416950015 "3"^^ . _:b416951475 "2"^^ . . . _:b416951474 "2"^^ . _:b416950014 "3"^^ . . _:b416949818 . . . _:b416951485 "2"^^ . _:b416950009 "3"^^ . _:b416949595 . . . _:b416951186 . _:b416950008 "3"^^ . _:b416951484 "2"^^ . . . . _:b416949848 . _:b416950011 "3"^^ . _:b416951487 "2"^^ . _:b416949863 . _:b416950010 "3"^^ . _:b416951486 "2"^^ . . _:b416951006 . _:b416950021 "3"^^ . _:b416951481 "2"^^ . . . . _:b416951480 "2"^^ . _:b416950020 "3"^^ . _:b416950023 "3"^^ . _:b416951483 "2"^^ . . _:b416950022 "3"^^ . _:b416951482 "2"^^ . . . . . _:b416951493 "2"^^ . _:b416950017 "3"^^ . _:b416949568 . _:b416949569 . _:b416951441 . . _:b416949570 . _:b416951492 "2"^^ . _:b416950016 "3"^^ . _:b416949571 . _:b416949572 . _:b416949573 . _:b416950060 . . _:b416951495 "2"^^ . _:b416950019 "3"^^ . _:b416949574 . _:b416949575 . . . _:b416951112 . _:b416950351 . _:b416949576 . . . _:b416949577 . . _:b416949578 . _:b416951494 "2"^^ . _:b416950018 "3"^^ . _:b416949579 . _:b416949580 . _:b416949581 . . _:b416949582 . _:b416951489 "2"^^ . _:b416950029 "3"^^ . _:b416949583 . _:b416950698 . . _:b416949584 . _:b416949585 . _:b416949586 . _:b416951488 "2"^^ . _:b416950498 . _:b416950028 "3"^^ . _:b416949587 . _:b416949588 . _:b416949589 . _:b416949575 . _:b416949590 . _:b416951491 "2"^^ . _:b416950047 . _:b416950031 "3"^^ . _:b416949591 . . _:b416949592 . _:b416951364 . . . _:b416949593 . _:b416949594 . _:b416951490 "2"^^ . _:b416950030 "3"^^ . _:b416949595 . _:b416949596 . _:b416949597 . _:b416949598 . _:b416951501 "2"^^ . _:b416950025 "3"^^ . _:b416949599 . _:b416951498 . _:b416949600 . _:b416950215 . . _:b416949601 . . _:b416951500 "2"^^ . _:b416950024 "3"^^ . _:b416949602 . _:b416949603 . _:b416949604 . . _:b416949605 . _:b416949725 . _:b416949606 . _:b416951503 "2"^^ . _:b416950027 "3"^^ . _:b416949607 . _:b416949608 . _:b416949609 . _:b416950292 . . _:b416951502 "2"^^ . _:b416950026 "3"^^ . _:b416949610 . _:b416949611 . . _:b416949612 . _:b416949613 . _:b416951077 . _:b416949614 . _:b416951497 "2"^^ . _:b416950037 "3"^^ . _:b416949615 . _:b416951422 . _:b416949616 . _:b416949617 . _:b416949618 . _:b416951496 "2"^^ . _:b416950036 "3"^^ . _:b416949619 . _:b416949620 . _:b416949621 . . _:b416949622 . _:b416951499 "2"^^ . _:b416950039 "3"^^ . _:b416949623 . _:b416949624 . _:b416949613 . _:b416949625 . _:b416950934 . . _:b416949626 . _:b416951498 "2"^^ . _:b416950038 "3"^^ . _:b416949627 . _:b416949620 . _:b416949628 . _:b416949629 . _:b416949630 . _:b416951509 "2"^^ . _:b416950033 "3"^^ . _:b416949631 . _:b416949504 . _:b416949914 . _:b416949505 . _:b416950931 . _:b416949506 . _:b416951508 "2"^^ . _:b416950032 "3"^^ . _:b416949507 . _:b416949508 . _:b416949509 . _:b416949510 . _:b416951511 "2"^^ . _:b416950035 "3"^^ . _:b416949511 . . . _:b416949512 . _:b416950506 . _:b416949513 . _:b416949514 . _:b416951510 "2"^^ . _:b416950034 "3"^^ . _:b416949515 . _:b416949516 . _:b416949517 . _:b416949518 . _:b416951505 "2"^^ . _:b416950045 "3"^^ . _:b416949519 . . _:b416949520 . _:b416949521 . _:b416949664 . _:b416949522 . _:b416951504 "2"^^ . _:b416950044 "3"^^ . _:b416949523 . _:b416949524 . _:b416949525 . _:b416949526 . _:b416951507 "2"^^ . _:b416950047 "3"^^ . _:b416949527 . _:b416949528 . _:b416949529 . _:b6279058 "Litters of DEFA5 tg (+/+) mice >>18<< on an FVB background were obtained by crossing DEFA5 tg (\u2212/+) male and female parents." . _:b416949530 . _:b416951506 "2"^^ . _:b416950046 "3"^^ . _:b416949531 . _:b416949507 . . _:b416949532 . _:b416949533 . _:b416949534 . _:b416951517 "2"^^ . _:b416950041 "3"^^ . . _:b6279065 . _:b416949535 . _:b416949536 . . _:b416949537 . _:b416949538 . _:b416951516 "2"^^ . _:b416950040 "3"^^ . _:b416949539 . _:b416949540 . _:b416949541 . . _:b416951519 "2"^^ . _:b416950043 "3"^^ . _:b416949542 . _:b416949543 . _:b416949544 . _:b416950718 . . _:b416949545 . _:b416949546 . _:b416951518 "2"^^ . _:b416950042 "3"^^ . . _:b416949547 . _:b416949548 . _:b416949549 . _:b416949550 . _:b416951513 "2"^^ . _:b416950053 "3"^^ . . _:b416949551 . _:b416950960 . _:b416949552 . _:b416949553 . _:b416949554 . _:b416951512 "2"^^ . _:b416951051 . _:b416950052 "3"^^ . _:b416949988 . _:b416949555 . . . _:b416949556 . _:b416949557 . _:b416949558 . _:b416951515 "2"^^ . _:b416950055 "3"^^ . _:b416949559 . . . _:b416949560 . _:b416949561 . _:b416949562 . _:b416951514 "2"^^ . _:b416950054 "3"^^ . _:b416949563 . _:b6279040 . _:b416949564 . _:b416949565 . _:b416949566 . _:b416951525 "2"^^ . _:b416950049 "3"^^ . _:b416949567 . _:b416949696 . _:b416949697 . _:b416949698 . _:b416951524 "2"^^ . _:b416950048 "3"^^ . . _:b416949699 . _:b416949700 . _:b416949833 . _:b416949701 . _:b416949702 . _:b416951527 "2"^^ . _:b416950051 "3"^^ . . _:b416949703 . _:b416949704 . _:b416949705 . _:b416949706 . _:b416951526 "2"^^ . _:b416950216 . _:b416950050 "3"^^ . _:b416949707 . _:b416951433 . _:b416949708 . _:b416951323 . _:b416949709 . _:b416949932 . _:b416949710 . _:b416951521 "2"^^ . _:b416950061 "3"^^ . _:b416949711 . _:b416949712 . _:b416949713 . _:b416949663 . _:b416949714 . _:b416951520 "2"^^ . _:b416950668 . _:b416950060 "3"^^ . _:b416949715 . _:b416949716 . _:b416949717 . _:b416949569 . _:b416949718 . _:b416951523 "2"^^ . _:b416950063 "3"^^ . _:b416949719 . . _:b416949720 . _:b416949721 . _:b416949722 . _:b416951522 "2"^^ . _:b416950062 "3"^^ . _:b416949723 . _:b416949724 . _:b416951107 . _:b416950068 . _:b416949725 . . _:b416951533 "2"^^ . _:b416950057 "3"^^ . _:b416949726 . _:b416949727 . _:b416951429 . _:b416949728 . _:b416949729 . _:b416949730 . _:b416951532 "2"^^ . _:b416950056 "3"^^ . _:b416949731 . . _:b416949732 . _:b416949733 . _:b416949734 . _:b416951535 "2"^^ . _:b416950059 "3"^^ . _:b416949735 . _:b416950794 . _:b416949736 . _:b416949737 . _:b416949738 . _:b416951534 "2"^^ . _:b416950058 "3"^^ . _:b416949739 . _:b416949740 . _:b416951032 . . _:b416949741 . _:b416949742 . _:b416951529 "2"^^ . _:b416950069 "3"^^ . _:b416949743 . _:b416949744 . _:b416949745 . _:b416951266 . _:b416949746 . _:b416951528 "2"^^ . _:b416951085 . _:b416950068 "3"^^ . _:b416949747 . _:b416949748 . _:b416949749 . _:b416949750 . _:b416951531 "2"^^ . _:b416950071 "3"^^ . _:b416949751 . _:b416949752 . _:b416949753 . _:b416950298 . _:b416949754 . _:b416951530 "2"^^ . _:b416950070 "3"^^ . _:b416949755 . _:b416949756 . _:b416949757 . _:b416949758 . _:b416951541 "2"^^ . _:b416950065 "3"^^ . _:b416949759 . _:b416949632 . _:b416949633 . _:b6279046 . _:b416949634 . _:b416951540 "2"^^ . _:b416950064 "3"^^ . _:b416949635 . . _:b416949636 . . _:b416949637 . _:b416949638 . _:b416951543 "2"^^ . _:b416950067 "3"^^ . _:b416949639 . _:b416949640 . . _:b416949641 . _:b416949642 . _:b6279101 . _:b416951542 "2"^^ . _:b416950066 "3"^^ . _:b416949643 . _:b416950686 . _:b416949644 . _:b416949645 . _:b416949646 . _:b416951537 "2"^^ . _:b416950077 "3"^^ . _:b416949647 . . . _:b416949648 . _:b416949649 . . _:b416951536 "2"^^ . _:b416950076 "3"^^ . _:b416949650 . _:b416949651 . . _:b416949652 . _:b416951194 . _:b416949653 . _:b416949654 . _:b416951539 "2"^^ . _:b416950079 "3"^^ . _:b416949655 . _:b416949656 . _:b416950801 . _:b416949657 . _:b416949658 . _:b416951538 "2"^^ . _:b416950078 "3"^^ . _:b416949659 . _:b416949660 . _:b416949661 . _:b416949662 . _:b416951549 "2"^^ . _:b416950073 "3"^^ . _:b416949663 . _:b416949664 . . _:b416949665 . _:b416949666 . _:b416951548 "2"^^ . _:b416950072 "3"^^ . _:b416949667 . _:b416949668 . _:b416949669 . _:b416949670 . _:b6279098 . _:b416951551 "2"^^ . _:b416950075 "3"^^ . . _:b416949671 . _:b416949672 . _:b6279067 "Real-time PCR was performed on the tissue-specific cDNA as a template with specific oligonucleotide primer pairs as described previously >>48<<. All samples were analyzed in duplicate, and variation between duplicates was < 10% for every reported value. For more complete methods, see Supplementary Methods section." . _:b416949673 . _:b416949674 . _:b416951550 "2"^^ . _:b416950074 "3"^^ . _:b416949675 . _:b416950796 . _:b416949676 . _:b416949677 . _:b416949678 . _:b416951545 "2"^^ . _:b416950085 "3"^^ . _:b416949679 . _:b416950256 . _:b416949680 . . _:b416949681 . _:b416949682 . _:b416951544 "2"^^ . _:b416950084 "3"^^ . _:b416949683 . . _:b416949684 . _:b416949685 . _:b416949686 . _:b416951547 "2"^^ . _:b416950087 "3"^^ . _:b416949687 . _:b416951509 . _:b416950090 . _:b416949688 . _:b416950816 . _:b416949689 . _:b416949690 . _:b416951546 "2"^^ . _:b416950086 "3"^^ . . _:b416949691 . _:b416949692 . _:b416949693 . _:b416949694 . _:b416951557 "2"^^ . _:b416950081 "3"^^ . _:b416949695 . . _:b416949824 . _:b416949825 . _:b416949826 . _:b416951556 "2"^^ . _:b416950080 "3"^^ . _:b416949827 . . _:b416949828 . _:b416949829 . _:b416949830 . _:b416951559 "2"^^ . _:b416950083 "3"^^ . _:b416949831 . . _:b416949832 . _:b416949833 . _:b416949834 . _:b416951558 "2"^^ . _:b416950082 "3"^^ . . _:b416949835 . _:b416949836 . _:b416949837 . _:b416949838 . _:b416951553 "2"^^ . _:b416950093 "3"^^ . . . _:b416949839 . _:b416949840 . _:b416949841 . _:b416949842 . _:b416951552 "2"^^ . _:b416950092 "3"^^ . . _:b416949843 . . . _:b416949844 . _:b416949845 . . _:b416949846 . _:b416951555 "2"^^ . _:b416950095 "3"^^ . _:b416949847 . . _:b416949848 . _:b6279020 "At the mucosal interface, the epithelium serves as a key arm of the immune system by providing a physical barrier, and by secreting various antimicrobial factors, including antimicrobial peptides>>14<<, 15. In the lumen of the small intestine of humans and other mammals, Paneth cell derived \u03B1-defensins (also called crypt defensins, cryptdins) are predominant antimicrobial factors 16 that are effective mediators of host defense against" . _:b416949849 . _:b416949850 . _:b416951554 "2"^^ . _:b416950094 "3"^^ . . _:b416949851 . _:b416949852 . _:b416950546 . _:b416949853 . _:b416950134 . _:b416949854 . _:b6279075 "Other recent investigations have demonstrated that hosts including mice >>9<<, 37, drosophila 10, and zebrafish 8 are involved in establishing the composition of their intestinal microbiomes." . _:b416951565 "2"^^ . _:b416950089 "3"^^ . _:b416949855 . _:b416949856 . _:b416949857 . . _:b416951564 "2"^^ . _:b416950088 "3"^^ . . _:b416949858 . _:b416949859 . . _:b416949860 . . _:b416949861 . _:b416950185 . _:b416949862 . _:b416951567 "2"^^ . _:b416950674 . _:b416950091 "3"^^ . . _:b416949863 . _:b416949864 . _:b416950799 . _:b416949865 . _:b416949866 . _:b416951566 "2"^^ . _:b416950090 "3"^^ . _:b416949867 . _:b416950782 . _:b416949764 . _:b416949868 . _:b416949869 . . _:b416949870 . _:b416951561 "2"^^ . _:b416950101 "3"^^ . _:b416949871 . _:b416949872 . _:b416949873 . _:b416950123 . _:b416949874 . _:b416951560 "2"^^ . _:b416950100 "3"^^ . _:b416949875 . _:b416949876 . _:b416949877 . _:b416949878 . _:b416951563 "2"^^ . _:b416950103 "3"^^ . _:b416949879 . _:b416951368 . _:b416950015 . _:b416949880 . _:b416949881 . _:b416949882 . _:b416951562 "2"^^ . _:b416950102 "3"^^ . _:b416949883 . _:b416949884 . . _:b416949745 . _:b416949885 . . _:b416951573 "2"^^ . _:b416950097 "3"^^ . _:b416949886 . _:b416949887 . _:b416949467 . _:b416950785 . _:b416949760 . _:b416949761 . _:b416949762 . _:b416951572 "2"^^ . _:b416950096 "3"^^ . _:b416949763 . _:b416950095 . _:b416949764 . _:b416949765 . _:b6279019 . _:b416949766 . _:b416951575 "2"^^ . _:b416950099 "3"^^ . _:b416949767 . . _:b416949768 . _:b416949769 . _:b416949770 . _:b416951574 "2"^^ . _:b416950098 "3"^^ . _:b416949771 . _:b416951503 . _:b416949772 . _:b416949773 . _:b416950699 . _:b416949774 . _:b416951569 "2"^^ . _:b416950109 "3"^^ . _:b416949775 . _:b416949776 . _:b416949777 . _:b416949778 . _:b6279082 . _:b416951568 "2"^^ . _:b416951310 . _:b416950680 . _:b416950108 "3"^^ . _:b416949779 . _:b416949780 . . _:b416949781 . . _:b416949782 . _:b416951571 "2"^^ . _:b416950111 "3"^^ . _:b416949676 . . _:b416949783 . . _:b416949784 . . _:b416949785 . _:b416949786 . _:b416951570 "2"^^ . _:b416950110 "3"^^ . . _:b416949787 . _:b416949788 . _:b416949789 . . _:b416949790 . _:b416951581 "2"^^ . _:b416950105 "3"^^ . _:b416949791 . _:b416951276 . . _:b416949792 . _:b416949793 . _:b416949794 . _:b416951580 "2"^^ . _:b416950104 "3"^^ . . _:b416949795 . _:b416949796 . _:b416951389 . _:b416949797 . _:b416949798 . _:b416951583 "2"^^ . _:b416950107 "3"^^ . _:b416949799 . _:b416949800 . _:b416949801 . _:b416949802 . _:b416951582 "2"^^ . _:b416950106 "3"^^ . _:b416949803 . _:b416949804 . _:b416949805 . _:b416949806 . _:b416951577 "2"^^ . _:b416951456 . _:b416950117 "3"^^ . _:b416949807 . _:b416950288 . _:b416949808 . _:b416949790 . _:b416949809 . . _:b416951576 "2"^^ . _:b416950116 "3"^^ . _:b416949810 . _:b416949811 . _:b416949812 . _:b416949813 . _:b416949814 . _:b416951579 "2"^^ . _:b416950119 "3"^^ . . _:b416949815 . _:b416949816 . . _:b6279088 . _:b6279068 "The distal 15 cm of the small intestine was used as a source of LPL >>49<<. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were removed by gently shaking 0.5 cm intestinal sections in buffer containing fetal calf serum (5%), dithiothreitol (1mM), and EDTA (5mM) for 30 minutes." . _:b416951388 . _:b416950307 . _:b416949817 . _:b416949818 . _:b416951578 "2"^^ . _:b416950842 . _:b416950118 "3"^^ . _:b416949819 . _:b416949820 . _:b416949821 . _:b416950375 . _:b416949822 . _:b416950113 "3"^^ . _:b416949823 . . _:b416949952 . _:b416949953 . . _:b416949954 . _:b416950872 . _:b416950112 "3"^^ . _:b416949955 . _:b416949956 . _:b416949957 . _:b416949958 . _:b416950115 "3"^^ . . _:b416949959 . _:b416949960 . _:b416949961 . . _:b416949962 . _:b416951410 . _:b416951218 . _:b416950114 "3"^^ . . _:b416949963 . _:b416949964 . . _:b416949965 . _:b416949966 . _:b416950125 "3"^^ . _:b416949967 . _:b416949968 . _:b416949969 . . _:b416949970 . _:b416950124 "3"^^ . _:b416949971 . _:b416949972 . _:b416949973 . _:b416949974 . _:b416950127 "3"^^ . _:b416949975 . _:b416950577 . _:b416949976 . _:b416949977 . _:b416949978 . _:b416950126 "3"^^ . _:b416949979 . _:b416950695 . _:b416950193 . _:b416949980 . . . _:b416949981 . _:b416949982 . _:b416950121 "3"^^ . . . _:b416949983 . _:b416949984 . _:b416949985 . _:b416950586 . _:b416949986 . _:b416950120 "3"^^ . _:b416949987 . _:b416949988 . _:b416949989 . _:b416949990 . _:b416950123 "3"^^ . _:b416949991 . _:b416949992 . _:b416949993 . . _:b416951143 . _:b416950122 "3"^^ . _:b416949994 . _:b416949995 . _:b416949996 . _:b416949997 . _:b416950876 . _:b416949998 . _:b416950133 "3"^^ . _:b416949999 . _:b416950000 . _:b416950001 . . . _:b416950132 "3"^^ . . _:b416950002 . _:b416950003 . _:b416950004 . _:b416951560 . _:b416950182 . _:b416950005 . _:b416950148 . _:b416950006 . _:b416950135 "3"^^ . _:b416950007 . _:b416950008 . . _:b416950009 . . _:b416950134 "3"^^ . _:b416950010 . _:b416950011 . . _:b416950012 . _:b416950013 . _:b416950014 . _:b416950129 "3"^^ . _:b416950015 . _:b416950102 . _:b416949888 . _:b416949889 . _:b416949890 . _:b416950128 "3"^^ . _:b416949891 . . _:b416949892 . _:b416950466 . _:b416949893 . _:b416949894 . _:b416950131 "3"^^ . _:b416949895 . _:b416949495 . _:b416951446 . _:b416949896 . _:b416949897 . . _:b416950130 "3"^^ . _:b416949898 . _:b416949899 . _:b416949900 . . _:b416949901 . _:b416949902 . _:b416950141 "3"^^ . . _:b416949584 . _:b416949903 . _:b416949904 . _:b416949905 . _:b416949906 . _:b416950140 "3"^^ . . _:b416949907 . _:b416949908 . _:b416949909 . _:b416949910 . _:b416950143 "3"^^ . _:b416949911 . . _:b416949912 . _:b416949913 . . _:b416950142 "3"^^ . _:b416949914 . _:b416949915 . . _:b416951393 . _:b416949916 . _:b416949917 . _:b416949918 . _:b416950137 "3"^^ . . _:b416949919 . _:b416949920 . _:b416949921 . _:b416949922 . _:b416950136 "3"^^ . _:b416949923 . . _:b416949890 . _:b416949924 . _:b416949925 . _:b416949926 . _:b416950139 "3"^^ . . _:b416949927 . _:b416949928 . . _:b416949929 . _:b416949930 . _:b416950138 "3"^^ . _:b416949931 . _:b416949681 . _:b416949932 . _:b416949933 . _:b416949934 . _:b416950149 "3"^^ . _:b416949935 . _:b416949936 . _:b416949937 . _:b416949938 . _:b416950148 "3"^^ . _:b416949939 . _:b416949940 . _:b416949941 . _:b416949942 . _:b416950151 "3"^^ . _:b416949943 . _:b416949944 . _:b416949945 . _:b416949946 . _:b416950150 "3"^^ . . _:b416949947 . _:b416949948 . . _:b416949949 . _:b416949950 . _:b416950549 . _:b416950145 "3"^^ . . _:b416949951 . _:b416950080 . _:b416950081 . _:b416950082 . _:b416950144 "3"^^ . _:b416950083 . _:b416949896 . _:b416950084 . _:b416950085 . _:b416949649 . _:b416950086 . _:b416950147 "3"^^ . _:b416950087 . _:b416950088 . _:b416950089 . _:b416950090 . _:b416950146 "3"^^ . _:b416950091 . _:b416950092 . _:b416950093 . . _:b416950157 "3"^^ . _:b416950094 . _:b416950095 . _:b416950096 . _:b416950097 . _:b416950703 . _:b416950240 . . _:b416950098 . _:b6279047 "processing Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins that are secreted into the small intestinal lumen, MMP7 has been shown to have other extraintestinal and intestinal roles 20, 31, including epithelial repair and transepithelial influx of neutrophils >>32<<, as well as activation of other enzymes." . _:b416950156 "3"^^ . . _:b416950099 . . . _:b416950100 . . _:b416950101 . _:b416951395 . _:b416950102 . _:b416950159 "3"^^ . _:b416950103 . . . _:b416950104 . . _:b416950105 . . _:b416950158 "3"^^ . _:b416950106 . . _:b416951089 . _:b416950107 . . _:b416950108 . _:b416950109 . _:b416950110 . _:b416950153 "3"^^ . _:b416950111 . _:b416950112 . _:b416950113 . _:b416950141 . _:b416950114 . _:b416950152 "3"^^ . _:b416950115 . _:b416950116 . _:b416950117 . _:b416950118 . _:b416950802 . _:b416950155 "3"^^ . _:b416950119 . . _:b416950120 . _:b416950743 . _:b416950121 . _:b416950122 . _:b416950154 "3"^^ . _:b416950123 . _:b416950124 . _:b416950125 . _:b416950126 . _:b416950165 "3"^^ . _:b416950127 . _:b416950128 . _:b416950129 . . _:b416950164 "3"^^ . _:b416950130 . _:b416950131 . _:b416949893 . _:b416950132 . _:b416950717 . _:b416950133 . . _:b416950134 . _:b416950167 "3"^^ . . _:b416950135 . _:b416950136 . _:b416950137 . _:b416950138 . _:b416950166 "3"^^ . _:b416949972 . _:b416950139 . _:b416950140 . _:b416950017 . _:b416950141 . . _:b416950161 "3"^^ . _:b416950142 . _:b416949961 . . _:b416950143 . _:b416950016 . _:b416950017 . . _:b416950160 "3"^^ . _:b416950018 . _:b416950019 . _:b416950020 . _:b416950021 . _:b416951215 . _:b416950022 . _:b416950163 "3"^^ . _:b416950023 . _:b416950024 . _:b416950025 . _:b416950026 . _:b416950162 "3"^^ . _:b416950027 . . _:b416950028 . . _:b416950029 . _:b416950030 . _:b416950173 "3"^^ . . _:b416950031 . _:b416950532 . _:b416950032 . _:b416950033 . _:b416950888 . _:b416950034 . _:b416950172 "3"^^ . _:b416950035 . . . _:b416950036 . . _:b416950037 . _:b416950038 . _:b416950679 . _:b416950175 "3"^^ . _:b416950039 . _:b416950040 . _:b416950041 . _:b416950042 . _:b416950174 "3"^^ . _:b416950043 . . _:b416950044 . _:b416950045 . . _:b416950169 "3"^^ . _:b416950046 . _:b416950047 . _:b416950048 . . _:b416950049 . _:b416950050 . _:b416950168 "3"^^ . _:b416950051 . _:b416949617 . _:b416949611 . _:b416950052 . _:b416950053 . _:b416950054 . _:b416950171 "3"^^ . . _:b416950055 . _:b416950056 . . _:b416950057 . _:b416950058 . _:b416950170 "3"^^ . _:b416950059 . _:b416950060 . _:b416950061 . _:b416949680 . _:b416951544 . _:b416950181 "3"^^ . _:b416950062 . _:b416950063 . _:b416950080 . _:b416950064 . _:b416950065 . _:b416950066 . _:b416950180 "3"^^ . _:b416950067 . _:b416950068 . _:b416950069 . _:b416950070 . _:b416950183 "3"^^ . . _:b416950071 . _:b416950072 . _:b416950073 . _:b416950074 . _:b416950182 "3"^^ . _:b416950075 . _:b416950076 . _:b416949898 . _:b416950077 . _:b416950078 . _:b416950177 "3"^^ . _:b416950079 . _:b416950627 . _:b416950208 . _:b416950209 . _:b416951407 . _:b416950210 . _:b416950176 "3"^^ . _:b416950211 . _:b416950212 . . . _:b416950213 . . _:b416950214 . _:b416950179 "3"^^ . . _:b416950215 . _:b416950216 . _:b416950217 . _:b416950218 . _:b416950725 . _:b416950178 "3"^^ . . _:b416950219 . _:b416950220 . _:b416950221 . _:b416951230 . _:b416950222 . _:b416950189 "3"^^ . . _:b416950223 . _:b416950224 . . _:b416950518 . _:b416950225 . _:b416950226 . _:b416950188 "3"^^ . _:b416950227 . . . _:b416950228 . _:b416950229 . _:b416951002 . _:b416950230 . _:b416950191 "3"^^ . _:b416950231 . _:b416950232 . _:b416950169 . . . _:b416950233 . _:b416950234 . _:b416950190 "3"^^ . _:b416950235 . _:b416950236 . _:b416950237 . . _:b416950185 "3"^^ . _:b416950238 . _:b416950239 . _:b416950240 . _:b416950241 . _:b416950242 . _:b416950184 "3"^^ . _:b416950243 . _:b416949442 . _:b416950244 . _:b416949996 . _:b416950245 . _:b416950246 . _:b416950187 "3"^^ . . _:b416950247 . _:b416950936 . _:b416949889 . _:b416950248 . . _:b416950249 . _:b416950250 . _:b416950186 "3"^^ . _:b416950251 . _:b416950252 . _:b416950253 . _:b416950254 . _:b416950197 "3"^^ . _:b416950255 . _:b416950256 . _:b416950257 . _:b416950258 . _:b416950196 "3"^^ . _:b416950259 . _:b416950260 . . . _:b416950261 . . _:b416951344 . _:b416950199 "3"^^ . _:b416950262 . _:b416950263 . _:b416950264 . _:b416950265 . _:b416950266 . _:b416950198 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950267 . _:b416950268 . . _:b416951562 . _:b416950269 . _:b416950270 . _:b416950193 "3"^^ . _:b416950271 . _:b416950144 . _:b416950145 . _:b416951054 . _:b416950146 . _:b416950192 "3"^^ . _:b416950147 . _:b416950148 . _:b416950149 . _:b416950150 . _:b416950195 "3"^^ . _:b416950151 . _:b416950152 . _:b416950153 . _:b416950154 . _:b416950194 "3"^^ . _:b416950155 . _:b416949744 . _:b416950156 . _:b416950157 . _:b416950158 . _:b416950205 "3"^^ . _:b416950159 . _:b416950160 . _:b416950313 . _:b416950161 . _:b416950480 . _:b416950162 . _:b416950204 "3"^^ . _:b416950163 . . _:b416950164 . _:b416950165 . _:b416950166 . _:b416950207 "3"^^ . _:b416950167 . _:b416950168 . _:b416950169 . _:b416950170 . _:b416950206 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950171 . _:b416950172 . . _:b416950173 . _:b416950174 . _:b416950201 "3"^^ . _:b416950175 . . _:b416950176 . _:b416950177 . _:b416950178 . _:b416950200 "3"^^ . _:b416950179 . _:b416950180 . . . _:b416949535 . _:b416950181 . _:b416950182 . _:b416950203 "3"^^ . . _:b416950264 . _:b416950183 . _:b416950184 . _:b416950185 . _:b416950186 . _:b416950202 "3"^^ . _:b416950107 . _:b416950187 . _:b416950188 . . _:b416950189 . _:b416950190 . _:b416950213 "3"^^ . _:b416950191 . _:b416950192 . _:b416950193 . _:b416950194 . _:b416950377 . _:b416950212 "3"^^ . _:b416950195 . . . _:b416950196 . _:b416950197 . _:b416950198 . _:b416950215 "3"^^ . . _:b416950199 . . _:b416950200 . . _:b416950201 . _:b416950202 . _:b416950214 "3"^^ . _:b416950203 . _:b416951177 . _:b416950204 . _:b416950205 . . _:b416950209 "3"^^ . _:b416950206 . _:b416950207 . _:b416949532 . _:b416950208 "3"^^ . _:b416949771 . _:b416950211 "3"^^ . _:b416950210 "3"^^ . . _:b416950290 . _:b416950221 "3"^^ . _:b416950220 "3"^^ . _:b416949440 . _:b416950223 "3"^^ . . _:b416949499 . _:b416949557 . _:b416950222 "3"^^ . . _:b416950217 "3"^^ . _:b416950216 "3"^^ . _:b416949714 . _:b6279034 "Overall, the percentages for each class of bacteria revealed the predominance of two phyla, the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, consistent with previous investigations (Table 1) 8, >>26<<, 27." . _:b416950219 "3"^^ . . _:b416950218 "3"^^ . . _:b416950229 "3"^^ . _:b416950519 . _:b416950228 "3"^^ . . _:b416950231 "3"^^ . _:b416950972 . _:b416950230 "3"^^ . _:b416951063 . _:b416949627 . _:b416950381 . _:b416950225 "3"^^ . . . . _:b416950224 "3"^^ . _:b416949674 . _:b416950227 "3"^^ . _:b416951227 . . . _:b416950226 "3"^^ . _:b416949605 . _:b416950237 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950236 "3"^^ . _:b416949568 . _:b416950069 . _:b416950239 "3"^^ . _:b416950238 "3"^^ . _:b416950233 "3"^^ . _:b416951102 . . . _:b416950232 "3"^^ . _:b416950689 . _:b416951115 . _:b416950235 "3"^^ . _:b416950234 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950245 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950244 "3"^^ . _:b6279032 . . . _:b416950247 "3"^^ . . _:b416951038 . . _:b416950587 . _:b416950246 "3"^^ . _:b416950728 . _:b416950241 "3"^^ . _:b416949938 . _:b416950240 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950210 . _:b416950243 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950205 . _:b416950242 "3"^^ . . _:b416950578 . _:b416950253 "3"^^ . _:b416951538 . _:b416950039 . _:b416950980 . _:b416950252 "3"^^ . _:b416950137 . _:b416950763 . _:b416950255 "3"^^ . . _:b416950254 "3"^^ . _:b416950772 . . _:b416950249 "3"^^ . _:b416951335 . _:b416949916 . _:b416949918 . _:b416949984 . _:b6279057 "methods" . _:b416950248 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950251 "3"^^ . . . . _:b416950250 "3"^^ . _:b416951185 . . . _:b416950261 "3"^^ . _:b416950260 "3"^^ . _:b416950263 "3"^^ . . _:b416951377 . _:b416950262 "3"^^ . . _:b416951570 . _:b416950257 "3"^^ . . . _:b416950256 "3"^^ . _:b416950188 . . "PMC0" . _:b416950259 "3"^^ . _:b416950055 . _:b416951471 . _:b416949937 . _:b416950258 "3"^^ . . . _:b416951436 . . _:b416950269 "3"^^ . _:b416951574 . _:b416950268 "3"^^ . _:b416950612 . _:b416950271 "3"^^ . _:b416950270 "3"^^ . . . . . _:b416950265 "3"^^ . _:b416951458 . . _:b416950264 "3"^^ . _:b416949505 . _:b416950267 "3"^^ . . _:b416950087 . _:b416950266 "3"^^ . . _:b416950805 . _:b416950774 . _:b416949708 . . . . . . . . _:b416949979 . _:b416950457 . . . . _:b416949904 . _:b416951469 . . _:b416950589 . _:b416950996 . _:b416950422 . _:b416951514 . _:b416950692 . . . _:b416950027 . . _:b416950135 . . _:b416949945 . . . _:b416950873 . _:b416951103 . _:b416949471 . . _:b416951321 . _:b416951502 . . . _:b416951092 . _:b416950310 . _:b416951331 . . _:b416949921 . . _:b416951296 . . _:b416950448 . _:b416949718 . _:b416950629 . . _:b416950016 . _:b416951025 . _:b416951493 . _:b416949963 . _:b416950642 . . . . . _:b416950733 . . . . _:b416950988 . _:b416951355 . _:b416951412 . . . . _:b416950133 . . . . _:b416950701 . . . _:b416951088 . . . . _:b416951443 . _:b416950425 . . . _:b416951155 . _:b416949497 . _:b416950085 . _:b416949902 . . _:b416950117 . _:b416950539 . _:b416950126 . _:b416951527 . _:b416950492 . _:b416950938 . _:b416949839 . _:b416949498 . _:b416949542 . _:b416951566 . _:b416950655 . _:b416950609 . . . _:b6279090 "In addition, although DEFA5 is not normally part of the mouse Paneth cell armamentarium >>44<<, the DEFA5 transgene was expressed in physiologically relevant amounts for a mouse Paneth cell 18." . . _:b416950581 . _:b416951461 . . . _:b416949843 . . . _:b416951505 . _:b416950089 . . _:b416949450 . . _:b416950862 . . . _:b416950604 . . _:b416950023 . . . _:b416950789 "2"^^ . . _:b416951525 . _:b416950788 "2"^^ . _:b416949615 . . _:b416950791 "2"^^ . . _:b416951159 . . _:b416950790 "2"^^ . _:b416950255 . . _:b416949878 . _:b416950785 "2"^^ . _:b6279014 _:b6279028 . _:b6279014 _:b6279029 . _:b416949657 . _:b416950784 "2"^^ . _:b6279014 _:b6279024 . _:b6279014 _:b6279025 . _:b6279073 "Several recent studies probed the impact of the intestinal bacteria on host gene expression >>39<<, 40. Other recent investigations have demonstrated that hosts including mice 9, 37, drosophila 10, and zebrafish 8 are involved in establishing the composition of their intestinal microbiomes. Analyses of interactions between IgA and" . _:b416950473 . _:b6279014 _:b6279026 . . _:b6279014 _:b6279027 . _:b416950787 "2"^^ . _:b416950006 . _:b6279014 _:b6279020 . _:b6279014 _:b6279021 . _:b416949444 . _:b6279014 _:b6279022 . _:b416951034 . _:b6279014 _:b6279023 . _:b416950786 "2"^^ . _:b416950606 . _:b6279014 _:b6279016 . _:b6279014 _:b6279017 . _:b416950555 . _:b6279014 _:b6279018 . _:b416951508 . _:b6279014 _:b6279019 . _:b416950797 "2"^^ . . _:b6279014 _:b6279015 . _:b416950796 "2"^^ . . _:b416950242 . _:b416951499 . _:b416950799 "2"^^ . _:b6279097 "Several recent studies have focused attention on Paneth cells as having a primary role in IBD pathogenesis 21, 22 and intestinal homeostasis >>37<<. Decreased amounts of Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins are associated with Crohn\u2019s disease involving the ileum 23, and more significant decreases are seen in patients with a frameshift mutation in the intracellular receptor of muramyl dipeptide," . . . . _:b416950798 "2"^^ . _:b416950793 "2"^^ . _:b416950792 "2"^^ . . _:b6279102 . _:b416951253 . . _:b416950099 . _:b416950795 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950794 "2"^^ . . _:b416951273 . _:b416950805 "2"^^ . _:b416951260 . . _:b416950804 "2"^^ . _:b416950807 "2"^^ . _:b6279030 _:b6279036 . . _:b6279030 _:b6279037 . _:b6279030 _:b6279038 . _:b6279030 _:b6279039 . _:b416950806 "2"^^ . _:b6279030 _:b6279032 . _:b6279030 _:b6279033 . . _:b6279030 _:b6279034 . _:b6279030 _:b6279035 . _:b416950801 "2"^^ . . _:b416951007 . _:b6279030 _:b6279031 . _:b416950800 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950910 . _:b416950403 . _:b416950803 "2"^^ . _:b6279095 . _:b416949588 . . _:b416950802 "2"^^ . . . _:b416950813 "2"^^ . _:b416950282 . . _:b416950812 "2"^^ . _:b416950269 . . _:b416950815 "2"^^ . _:b416950814 "2"^^ . _:b416950889 . _:b416950086 . _:b416950809 "2"^^ . . . . _:b416950808 "2"^^ . _:b416950811 "2"^^ . _:b416950206 . _:b416950810 "2"^^ . _:b416950476 . . _:b416950821 "2"^^ . . _:b416950820 "2"^^ . . _:b416950823 "2"^^ . . _:b416950822 "2"^^ . _:b416949636 . _:b416950817 "2"^^ . . _:b416950869 . _:b416950816 "2"^^ . _:b416949545 . . _:b416951070 . _:b416950819 "2"^^ . . _:b416950818 "2"^^ . _:b416950829 "2"^^ . _:b416950899 . _:b416950828 "2"^^ . _:b416950312 . _:b416950831 "2"^^ . . _:b416950830 "2"^^ . _:b416950825 "2"^^ . _:b416950824 "2"^^ . _:b416951279 . . _:b6279030 _:b6279056 . . _:b416949851 . _:b416950827 "2"^^ . _:b6279030 _:b6279052 . _:b6279098 "Decreased amounts of Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins are associated with Crohn\u2019s disease involving the ileum >>23<<, and more significant decreases are seen in patients with a frameshift mutation in the intracellular receptor of muramyl dipeptide, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)." . _:b6279030 _:b6279053 . _:b416951526 . _:b6279030 _:b6279054 . _:b6279030 _:b6279055 . _:b416950826 "2"^^ . _:b6279030 _:b6279048 . _:b6279030 _:b6279049 . _:b6279030 _:b6279050 . _:b6279030 _:b6279051 . _:b416950837 "2"^^ . _:b6279030 _:b6279044 . . _:b6279030 _:b6279045 . _:b6279030 _:b6279046 . _:b6279030 _:b6279047 . _:b416950836 "2"^^ . _:b6279030 _:b6279040 . _:b416950613 . _:b416950021 . _:b6279030 _:b6279041 . _:b416950446 . _:b6279030 _:b6279042 . _:b6279030 _:b6279043 . _:b416950839 "2"^^ . . _:b416950020 . . _:b416949558 . _:b416950838 "2"^^ . _:b416950023 . _:b416950434 . _:b416950833 "2"^^ . _:b416950022 . _:b416951024 . _:b416950832 "2"^^ . . _:b416950017 . . _:b416950835 "2"^^ . _:b416950016 . _:b416950834 "2"^^ . _:b416950019 . . _:b416950845 "2"^^ . _:b416950018 . . _:b416950844 "2"^^ . _:b416950029 . _:b6279083 "Previous studies by our group and others demonstrated that Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins have important effects on exogenous pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal lumen >>17<<, 18. The current study is the first to directly demonstrate that alterations in the \u03B1-defensin constitution of Paneth cells result in distinct changes in the composition of the indigenous microbiota." . . _:b416950847 "2"^^ . _:b416950028 . _:b416950846 "2"^^ . _:b416951428 . _:b416950031 . _:b416951026 . . _:b416949753 . _:b416950489 . _:b416950841 "2"^^ . _:b416949761 . _:b416950030 . _:b416949612 . _:b416950840 "2"^^ . _:b416950025 . . _:b416950843 "2"^^ . _:b416950024 . _:b416950882 . _:b416950842 "2"^^ . _:b416950027 . _:b6279069 . _:b416950853 "2"^^ . _:b416950026 . . . _:b416950852 "2"^^ . _:b416950037 . . . _:b416950855 "2"^^ . _:b416950036 . _:b6279064 . _:b416950854 "2"^^ . _:b416950039 . . _:b416950849 "2"^^ . _:b416950038 . . _:b416949570 . _:b416950848 "2"^^ . _:b416950033 . _:b6279072 "Many now-classic studies have established that intestinal microbes are vital to host physiology>>1<<. Several recent studies probed the impact of the intestinal bacteria on host gene expression 39, 40. Other recent investigations have demonstrated that hosts including mice 9, 37, drosophila 10, and zebrafish 8 are involved in" . _:b416951164 . _:b416949478 . _:b416950851 "2"^^ . _:b416950032 . _:b416951365 . . . _:b416950850 "2"^^ . . _:b416950035 . . . _:b416950861 "2"^^ . _:b416950034 . _:b416950860 "2"^^ . _:b416950045 . _:b416950863 "2"^^ . _:b416950044 . _:b416950202 . _:b6279063 . _:b416949616 . . _:b416950862 "2"^^ . . _:b416950047 . . _:b416950857 "2"^^ . _:b416950046 . _:b416951418 . _:b416950856 "2"^^ . _:b416949830 . _:b416950041 . . . _:b416950859 "2"^^ . . _:b416951501 . _:b416950040 . _:b416950769 . _:b416950858 "2"^^ . _:b416949484 . _:b6279040 "However, a subset of the Firmicute/Clostridiae group, Candidatus arthromitis, commonly known as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) >>29<<, was notably absent in the DEFA5 tg and wild-type FVB mice, while highly represented among the Mmp7\u2212/\u2212 and Mmp7+/+ B6 mice (Supplementary Fig." . _:b416950043 . . _:b416950869 "2"^^ . _:b416950042 . _:b416950129 . . _:b416950868 "2"^^ . _:b416950053 . _:b416950871 "2"^^ . _:b416950052 . _:b416950329 . _:b416950870 "2"^^ . _:b416950055 . _:b416951270 . . _:b416950865 "2"^^ . _:b416950054 . _:b416950864 "2"^^ . . _:b416950049 . _:b416950867 "2"^^ . _:b416950048 . _:b416950866 "2"^^ . . _:b416951487 . _:b416950051 . . _:b416951232 . _:b416950877 "2"^^ . _:b416950050 . _:b416951463 . _:b416950876 "2"^^ . _:b416950061 . _:b416949883 . . _:b416950879 "2"^^ . _:b416950060 . . _:b416950999 . . . . _:b416950878 "2"^^ . _:b416950063 . . _:b416950873 "2"^^ . _:b6279018 "Recent analysis using 16S rRNA technology demonstrated the complexity of the intestinal tract microbiota >>5<<\u20137 and demonstrated that the host can influence this microbial ecosystem 8\u201313." . . _:b416951386 . _:b416950062 . . _:b416951219 . _:b6279089 "However, it is possible that the absence of MMP7 in the small intestinal lumen may result in other veiled effects 20, 31, >>32<<. Although we cannot rule out that some of these effects could contribute to the observations noted here, the presence of the DEFA5 transgene resulted in reciprocal effects as the absence of MMP7. In addition, although DEFA5 is not" . . _:b416950872 "2"^^ . _:b416950057 . _:b416949472 . _:b416950875 "2"^^ . . _:b416950056 . _:b416950874 "2"^^ . _:b416950059 . . _:b6279043 "However, there are inherent limitations with this approach >>30<<. For example, several of the bacterial groups analyzed by qPCR fall into the Firmicute phylum (SFB, Lactobacilli (Lact), C. leptum (Clept), E. rectales (Erec)), but primers that give complete coverage of this bacterial phylum are not" . . _:b416950885 "2"^^ . . _:b416950140 . _:b416950058 . _:b6279053 . . _:b416950884 "2"^^ . . _:b416950069 . _:b416949446 . _:b416951161 . _:b416950887 "2"^^ . _:b416950068 . _:b416950886 "2"^^ . _:b416950071 . _:b416950568 . _:b416950669 . _:b416950881 "2"^^ . _:b416950070 . _:b6279038 "In addition, blooms of Mollicute populations, a subclass of the Tenericutes, have been noted in obese animals>>28<<. We did not detect Mollicutes in DEFA5 tg or wild-type littermates, but Mmp7\u2212/\u2212 and Mmp7+/+ littermates contained Mollicutes, with higher abundance in the Mmp7\u2212/\u2212 mice. Nevertheless, we did not see evidence of obesity or increased weight" . _:b416951190 . _:b416950880 "2"^^ . _:b416950065 . _:b416951138 . _:b416950883 "2"^^ . _:b416950064 . _:b416950920 . _:b416950882 "2"^^ . _:b416950067 . _:b416950893 "2"^^ . _:b416950066 . _:b416950892 "2"^^ . _:b416950077 . . _:b416950057 . _:b416950895 "2"^^ . _:b416951179 . _:b416950076 . _:b416950894 "2"^^ . . _:b416950406 . _:b416950079 . _:b416951094 . _:b416950889 "2"^^ . . _:b416950078 . . . . _:b416950888 "2"^^ . _:b416950073 . _:b6279066 . _:b416950891 "2"^^ . _:b416950072 . _:b416951079 . _:b6279067 . . _:b416950890 "2"^^ . . _:b416951479 . _:b416950075 . _:b416950708 . _:b416950901 "2"^^ . . _:b416950074 . _:b416949524 . . _:b416950900 "2"^^ . _:b416950085 . _:b416950903 "2"^^ . _:b416950084 . . _:b416950902 "2"^^ . _:b416950087 . _:b416950213 . _:b416950157 . _:b416950897 "2"^^ . . _:b416950685 . _:b416950086 . _:b416949496 . _:b416951255 . _:b416950896 "2"^^ . _:b416950081 . _:b416950766 . _:b416951557 . _:b416950091 . _:b416950899 "2"^^ . _:b416950080 . _:b416950610 . _:b416951556 . . _:b416950898 "2"^^ . . _:b416950083 . _:b416951559 . . _:b416950732 . _:b416950909 "2"^^ . _:b416950082 . _:b416951558 . _:b416950908 "2"^^ . _:b416950093 . . _:b416951553 . _:b416950320 . _:b416950911 "2"^^ . . _:b416950092 . _:b416951552 . _:b416950341 . _:b416950910 "2"^^ . _:b416950095 . _:b416951555 . _:b416950905 "2"^^ . _:b416950094 . . _:b416951554 . _:b416949765 . _:b416950646 . . _:b416950904 "2"^^ . _:b416951405 . _:b416950089 . _:b416951565 . . _:b416950052 . _:b416950907 "2"^^ . _:b416950088 . _:b416951564 . . _:b416951337 . _:b416950906 "2"^^ . . _:b416950091 . _:b416951567 . _:b416950917 "2"^^ . _:b416950090 . _:b416951566 . . _:b416950916 "2"^^ . . _:b416950101 . _:b416951561 . _:b416950991 . _:b416950919 "2"^^ . _:b416950100 . _:b416951560 . . _:b416950918 "2"^^ . _:b416950103 . _:b416951563 . . _:b416950913 "2"^^ . . _:b416950102 . . _:b416951562 . . _:b416950912 "2"^^ . _:b416950122 . _:b416949450 "27"^^ . _:b416949451 "23"^^ . _:b416950097 . _:b416951109 . _:b416951439 . _:b416951573 . _:b416950915 "2"^^ . _:b6279080 . . _:b416950096 . _:b416949449 "28"^^ . . _:b416951572 . _:b416950914 "2"^^ . _:b416950099 . . _:b416951575 . _:b416949448 "29"^^ . . _:b416949454 "22"^^ . _:b416950925 "2"^^ . . _:b416950098 . _:b416951574 . _:b416950924 "2"^^ . _:b416950109 . _:b416951569 . _:b416949452 "22"^^ . . _:b416950927 "2"^^ . _:b416950065 . . _:b416950108 . _:b416949455 "21"^^ . _:b416951568 . . _:b416949453 "22"^^ . . . _:b416951467 . _:b416950926 "2"^^ . _:b416950111 . _:b416950093 . _:b416951571 . _:b416950921 "2"^^ . . _:b416950110 . _:b416949457 "20"^^ . . _:b416951570 . _:b416950184 . _:b416950920 "2"^^ . _:b416949456 "20"^^ . _:b416950105 . . _:b416951581 . _:b416950784 . _:b416951486 . _:b416949459 "19"^^ . _:b416950923 "2"^^ . _:b416950104 . _:b6279028 "Given recent investigations demonstrating the involvement of Paneth cells 21, >>22<<, and decreased expression of Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins in patients with ileal Crohn\u2019s disease 23, our findings support the hypothesis that \u03B1-defensin deficiency may contribute to the host-microbe dysbiosis and enhanced inflammatory" . . _:b416951580 . _:b416949458 "19"^^ . _:b416950922 "2"^^ . _:b416950107 . _:b416951583 . _:b416949461 "19"^^ . _:b416950933 "2"^^ . _:b416950106 . . _:b416951582 . _:b416949460 "19"^^ . _:b416950932 "2"^^ . _:b416950302 . _:b416950179 . . _:b416950117 . . _:b416951577 . _:b416949463 "18"^^ . _:b416950935 "2"^^ . _:b416950116 . _:b416951091 . _:b416951576 . . _:b416949462 "19"^^ . _:b416950934 "2"^^ . . _:b416950119 . . _:b416951579 . _:b416949465 "18"^^ . _:b416950929 "2"^^ . _:b416949444 "32"^^ . _:b416950118 . . _:b416951578 . _:b416949464 "18"^^ . . _:b416949445 "31"^^ . _:b416950928 "2"^^ . _:b416950113 . _:b416949446 "30"^^ . _:b416950931 "2"^^ . . _:b416950112 . _:b416949466 "18"^^ . _:b416949447 "30"^^ . _:b416950930 "2"^^ . _:b416950115 . _:b416949467 "17"^^ . _:b416950941 "2"^^ . _:b416950114 . _:b416949468 "17"^^ . _:b416950507 . _:b416950940 "2"^^ . _:b416949651 . _:b416950125 . . . _:b416949469 "17"^^ . _:b416949721 . . _:b416950943 "2"^^ . _:b416949443 "36"^^ . _:b416951206 . _:b416950124 . _:b416949470 "16"^^ . _:b416949440 "42"^^ . _:b416949441 "39"^^ . _:b6279052 "epithelium in these animal models. Abnormal expansion of this bacterium has been noted in IgA deficient mice 13 and its continuous presence in the small intestine has been associated with the inability to produce immunoglobulins. >>35<<. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed an absence of SFB from the distal small intestine of DEFA5 tg and wild-type FVB litters, with data consistently below the reliable limits of detection by this assay." . _:b416951104 . _:b416950942 "2"^^ . _:b416949471 "16"^^ . _:b416950127 . _:b416949442 "37"^^ . . _:b416950937 "2"^^ . _:b416949472 "16"^^ . _:b416950126 . _:b416949966 . _:b416951108 . _:b416951241 . . _:b416950936 "2"^^ . _:b416949473 "16"^^ . _:b416950121 . . _:b416950939 "2"^^ . . _:b416950995 . _:b416950120 . . _:b416949474 "16"^^ . _:b416951460 . _:b416949907 . _:b416950938 "2"^^ . . _:b416950123 . _:b416949475 "16"^^ . . _:b416950949 "2"^^ . _:b416949476 "16"^^ . _:b416950122 . _:b416949477 "15"^^ . _:b416950948 "2"^^ . _:b416950133 . _:b416949478 "15"^^ . _:b416950951 "2"^^ . . _:b416950132 . . _:b416949479 "15"^^ . _:b416950950 "2"^^ . _:b416950440 . _:b416950135 . . _:b416949480 "15"^^ . _:b416950945 "2"^^ . _:b416950134 . _:b416951325 . _:b416950710 . _:b416949481 "15"^^ . _:b416950944 "2"^^ . . _:b416950129 . _:b416949482 "14"^^ . _:b416950947 "2"^^ . _:b416950128 . _:b416949483 "14"^^ . _:b416950730 . _:b416950758 . _:b416950946 "2"^^ . . _:b416950131 . . _:b416950978 . _:b416949484 "14"^^ . _:b416950827 . _:b416950957 "2"^^ . _:b416950130 . _:b416949485 "14"^^ . _:b416950956 "2"^^ . _:b416950141 . _:b416950379 . _:b416949486 "14"^^ . _:b416950959 "2"^^ . _:b416949795 . _:b416950140 . _:b416949487 "14"^^ . _:b416949540 . _:b416951248 . _:b416950958 "2"^^ . _:b416950143 . _:b416949847 . _:b416949488 "14"^^ . _:b416950953 "2"^^ . _:b416950142 . _:b416949495 "13"^^ . _:b416949489 "14"^^ . _:b416950952 "2"^^ . _:b416950137 . _:b6279099 "Studies of NOD2-deficient mice have further supported the association between loss of NOD2 and decreased Paneth cell \u03B1-defensin expression >>19<<." . _:b416949494 "13"^^ . _:b416949490 "14"^^ . _:b416950496 . _:b416950955 "2"^^ . _:b416950136 . _:b416949493 "13"^^ . _:b416949491 "14"^^ . _:b416950954 "2"^^ . _:b416950139 . _:b416950409 . _:b416949492 "14"^^ . _:b416949504 . _:b416950965 "2"^^ . _:b416950138 . _:b416950822 . _:b416949998 . _:b416950964 "2"^^ . _:b416950149 . _:b416950967 "2"^^ . _:b416950148 . . _:b416950011 . . . _:b416950966 "2"^^ . _:b416950151 . _:b416950974 . . _:b416950961 "2"^^ . _:b416949503 "12"^^ . _:b416950150 . . _:b416951558 . _:b416950960 "2"^^ . _:b416949502 "12"^^ . _:b416950145 . _:b6279016 . _:b416950963 "2"^^ . _:b416949501 "12"^^ . _:b416950144 . _:b416949815 . _:b416950246 . _:b416950962 "2"^^ . _:b416949500 "12"^^ . _:b416950147 . _:b416950973 "2"^^ . _:b416951147 . _:b416949499 "12"^^ . _:b416950146 . . _:b416950972 "2"^^ . _:b416950160 . . _:b416950157 . _:b416949498 "12"^^ . _:b416949536 . _:b416951496 . . . _:b416950975 "2"^^ . . _:b416950156 . _:b416949497 "12"^^ . _:b416950926 . _:b416950974 "2"^^ . _:b416951324 . . _:b416950159 . _:b416949496 "13"^^ . . _:b416950969 "2"^^ . . _:b416949511 "11"^^ . _:b416950158 . . _:b416949828 . _:b416950968 "2"^^ . _:b416949510 "11"^^ . _:b416950153 . _:b416949509 "11"^^ . _:b416950971 "2"^^ . _:b416950277 . _:b416950152 . _:b416949543 . _:b416951013 . . _:b416950970 "2"^^ . _:b416949508 "11"^^ . _:b416950155 . _:b416949507 "11"^^ . _:b416950981 "2"^^ . _:b416950154 . _:b416950340 . _:b416950564 . _:b416949506 "11"^^ . _:b416950980 "2"^^ . _:b416950165 . _:b416949505 "11"^^ . _:b416950983 "2"^^ . _:b416950164 . _:b416949919 . _:b416950982 "2"^^ . _:b416949504 "11"^^ . _:b416950167 . _:b416949519 "10"^^ . _:b416950977 "2"^^ . _:b416950166 . _:b416950147 . _:b416949518 "10"^^ . . _:b416950976 "2"^^ . _:b416950161 . _:b416951240 . _:b416950593 . _:b416949517 "10"^^ . _:b416950319 . _:b416950979 "2"^^ . _:b416950160 . _:b416949516 "10"^^ . _:b416950978 "2"^^ . . _:b416950163 . . _:b416949515 "10"^^ . _:b416949662 . . _:b416950989 "2"^^ . _:b416950162 . _:b416950524 . _:b416949514 "11"^^ . _:b416950988 "2"^^ . _:b416950173 . . . _:b416949513 "11"^^ . _:b416950991 "2"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279096 . _:b416951242 . _:b416950172 . _:b6279071 _:b6279097 . _:b6279071 _:b6279098 . _:b6279071 _:b6279099 . _:b416950990 "2"^^ . _:b416949512 "11"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279100 . _:b416950175 . _:b416949734 . _:b6279071 _:b6279101 . . _:b6279071 _:b6279102 . _:b416949527 "10"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279103 . _:b416950985 "2"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279088 . _:b416950366 . _:b416950174 . _:b6279071 _:b6279089 . _:b416951489 . _:b6279071 _:b6279090 . _:b416949526 "10"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279091 . _:b416950984 "2"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279092 . _:b416950953 . _:b416950169 . _:b6279071 _:b6279093 . _:b6279071 _:b6279094 . _:b416949525 "10"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279095 . _:b416950987 "2"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279080 . _:b416950635 . _:b416950168 . _:b6279071 _:b6279081 . _:b6279057 _:b6279058 . _:b416949524 "10"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279082 . . _:b416950986 "2"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279083 . _:b6279057 _:b6279059 . . _:b416950171 . . _:b6279071 _:b6279084 . _:b6279057 _:b6279060 . _:b6279071 _:b6279085 . _:b6279057 _:b6279061 . _:b6279071 _:b6279086 . _:b416949523 "10"^^ . _:b6279057 _:b6279062 . _:b6279071 _:b6279087 . _:b416950997 "2"^^ . _:b6279057 _:b6279063 . _:b6279057 _:b6279064 . _:b416950170 . _:b6279071 _:b6279072 . _:b6279071 _:b6279073 . _:b416950734 . _:b6279057 _:b6279065 . _:b6279057 _:b6279066 . _:b416949522 "10"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279074 . . _:b416950996 "2"^^ . _:b6279057 _:b6279067 . _:b6279071 _:b6279075 . _:b6279071 _:b6279076 . _:b416950181 . _:b416950155 . _:b6279057 _:b6279068 . _:b6279057 _:b6279069 . _:b416951191 . _:b6279071 _:b6279077 . _:b6279057 _:b6279070 . _:b416949521 "10"^^ . _:b6279071 _:b6279078 . _:b6279071 _:b6279079 . _:b416950999 "2"^^ . _:b416950180 . _:b416950662 . _:b416949520 "10"^^ . _:b416949881 . _:b416950998 "2"^^ . _:b416950183 . _:b416950431 . _:b416950993 "2"^^ . _:b416950182 . . _:b416949534 "9"^^ . _:b416950992 "2"^^ . _:b416951522 . _:b416950177 . _:b416949535 "9"^^ . _:b416950969 . . . . . _:b416950995 "2"^^ . _:b416950176 . _:b416949532 "9"^^ . . _:b416950959 . _:b416950994 "2"^^ . _:b416949455 . _:b416950179 . _:b416949533 "9"^^ . _:b416950987 . _:b416951005 "2"^^ . _:b416950178 . _:b416951520 . _:b416949530 "9"^^ . . _:b416951004 "2"^^ . _:b416950189 . _:b416949531 "9"^^ . _:b416951464 . _:b416951007 "2"^^ . _:b416950188 . _:b6279027 . _:b416949528 "9"^^ . _:b416951006 "2"^^ . _:b416950191 . _:b416949529 "9"^^ . _:b416949638 . _:b416951001 "2"^^ . _:b416950190 . _:b416949542 "9"^^ . _:b416950272 . . _:b416951000 "2"^^ . _:b416950185 . . _:b416949543 "9"^^ . _:b416951003 "2"^^ . . _:b416950184 . _:b416949540 "9"^^ . _:b416949817 . _:b416951002 "2"^^ . . _:b416950639 . _:b416950187 . _:b416949541 "9"^^ . _:b416950871 . _:b416950190 . _:b416950845 . _:b416951013 "2"^^ . _:b416950186 . _:b416949538 "9"^^ . . _:b416951012 "2"^^ . . _:b416950197 . _:b416949539 "9"^^ . _:b416951015 "2"^^ . _:b416950196 . _:b416949536 "9"^^ . _:b416951014 "2"^^ . _:b416950199 . _:b416950360 . _:b416949537 "9"^^ . _:b416949962 . . _:b416951009 "2"^^ . . _:b416950198 . _:b416949550 "9"^^ . . _:b416950868 . _:b416951008 "2"^^ . _:b416949634 . _:b416950193 . _:b416949551 "9"^^ . _:b416951011 "2"^^ . _:b416951174 . _:b416949755 . _:b416950192 . . _:b416949548 "9"^^ . _:b416951010 "2"^^ . . _:b416950195 . _:b416949549 "9"^^ . _:b416950502 . _:b416951021 "2"^^ . _:b416950194 . . _:b416949546 "9"^^ . _:b416951020 "2"^^ . _:b416950205 . . _:b416949547 "9"^^ . . _:b416951023 "2"^^ . . _:b416950204 . _:b416949933 . _:b416949544 "9"^^ . _:b416951022 "2"^^ . _:b416950207 . _:b416949545 "9"^^ . _:b416949670 . _:b416951017 "2"^^ . _:b416949558 "8"^^ . _:b416950551 . _:b416950206 . _:b416949861 . _:b416951016 "2"^^ . _:b416949559 "8"^^ . _:b416950201 . _:b416949501 . _:b416949994 . . _:b416951019 "2"^^ . _:b416951274 . _:b416949556 "8"^^ . _:b416950265 . _:b416950200 . _:b416951018 "2"^^ . _:b416949557 "8"^^ . _:b416950203 . . _:b416951029 "2"^^ . _:b416950202 . . _:b416949554 "9"^^ . _:b416951028 "2"^^ . . _:b416950213 . _:b416949555 "9"^^ . _:b416951031 "2"^^ . . _:b416950212 . _:b416949552 "9"^^ . _:b416951030 "2"^^ . _:b416950215 . . _:b416950243 . _:b416949553 "9"^^ . _:b416949806 . . _:b416951025 "2"^^ . . _:b416950214 . . _:b416949566 "8"^^ . . _:b416949782 . _:b416951024 "2"^^ . . _:b416950209 . _:b416949567 "8"^^ . . . . _:b416951027 "2"^^ . _:b416949564 "8"^^ . _:b416951462 . _:b416950208 . _:b416950214 . _:b416951026 "2"^^ . _:b416951554 . _:b416949565 "8"^^ . _:b416950211 . _:b416951470 . _:b416951037 "2"^^ . _:b416949562 "8"^^ . _:b416950210 . . _:b416950994 . _:b416949857 . _:b416950706 . _:b416951036 "2"^^ . _:b416949808 . _:b6279081 . _:b416950221 . _:b416949563 "8"^^ . . _:b416950451 . _:b416949816 . _:b416951039 "2"^^ . _:b416949560 "8"^^ . _:b416950220 . _:b416949849 . . _:b416951038 "2"^^ . _:b416951397 . . _:b416950223 . _:b416949561 "8"^^ . . _:b416951033 "2"^^ . . _:b416949574 "8"^^ . _:b416950222 . . _:b416951032 "2"^^ . . _:b416950217 . _:b416949575 "8"^^ . _:b416949767 . _:b416951035 "2"^^ . _:b416949572 "8"^^ . _:b416950216 . . _:b416951034 "2"^^ . _:b416949573 "8"^^ . _:b416950219 . _:b416950565 . _:b416951045 "2"^^ . _:b416949570 "8"^^ . _:b416950218 . _:b416949645 . _:b416951044 "2"^^ . _:b416949571 "8"^^ . _:b416950229 . _:b416950010 . _:b416950707 . _:b416951047 "2"^^ . _:b6279094 . . _:b416951565 . _:b416950716 . _:b416950228 . _:b416949568 "8"^^ . _:b416950228 . _:b416951046 "2"^^ . _:b6279093 . _:b416951066 . _:b416949569 "8"^^ . _:b416950231 . . _:b6279045 . . . _:b416951041 "2"^^ . _:b416949582 "8"^^ . _:b416950230 . . _:b416951040 "2"^^ . . _:b416950225 . _:b416949583 "8"^^ . _:b416949943 . _:b6279086 "The two genetic mouse models used in this study are strongly complementary, and have been integral to previous studies of in vivo Paneth cell \u03B1-defensin function 17, >>18<<. In these models, the genetic manipulations that alter \u03B1-defensin expression do not affect expression of other Paneth cell effector molecules. However, it is possible that the absence of MMP7 in the small intestinal lumen may result in" . _:b416951168 . . _:b416951043 "2"^^ . _:b416949580 "8"^^ . _:b416950224 . _:b416951042 "2"^^ . _:b416949581 "8"^^ . _:b416950227 . _:b416951053 "2"^^ . . _:b416950226 . _:b416949578 "8"^^ . . _:b416950759 . _:b416950301 . _:b416951052 "2"^^ . _:b416949579 "8"^^ . _:b416950237 . _:b416949717 . _:b416951372 . . _:b416951055 "2"^^ . _:b416950949 . _:b416949576 "8"^^ . _:b416950236 . _:b416951054 "2"^^ . . _:b416950239 . _:b416949577 "8"^^ . _:b416949885 . _:b416949590 "7"^^ . _:b416951049 "2"^^ . _:b416949770 . _:b416950238 . _:b416949591 "7"^^ . _:b416951048 "2"^^ . _:b416950809 . _:b416950233 . _:b416951307 . _:b416951051 "2"^^ . _:b416949588 "8"^^ . _:b416950232 . _:b416950071 . _:b416949525 . _:b416949589 "7"^^ . _:b416951050 "2"^^ . _:b416950235 . . _:b416950781 . . _:b416951061 "2"^^ . . _:b416949706 . _:b416950671 . _:b416950513 . _:b416950234 . _:b416949586 "8"^^ . . . _:b416951060 "2"^^ . _:b416949587 "8"^^ . _:b416950245 . . _:b416949694 . _:b416951063 "2"^^ . _:b416949584 "8"^^ . _:b416950775 . _:b416950628 . _:b416950244 . . _:b416951062 "2"^^ . _:b416949585 "8"^^ . _:b416951409 . _:b416950247 . . _:b416949598 "7"^^ . _:b416951057 "2"^^ . _:b416950246 . _:b416949599 "7"^^ . _:b416951056 "2"^^ . _:b416950919 . . _:b416950241 . . . _:b416949596 "7"^^ . _:b416951059 "2"^^ . _:b416950240 . . _:b416951082 . _:b416950181 . . _:b416951058 "2"^^ . _:b416949597 "7"^^ . _:b416950243 . _:b416949872 . . _:b416951069 "2"^^ . . _:b416949594 "7"^^ . . . _:b416950242 . . _:b416950622 . _:b416949595 "7"^^ . _:b416951068 "2"^^ . _:b416950253 . _:b416951247 . _:b6279087 . _:b416949592 "7"^^ . _:b416951071 "2"^^ . _:b416950252 . _:b416949593 "7"^^ . _:b416951070 "2"^^ . _:b416950670 . _:b416950235 . _:b416950255 . . . _:b416951065 "2"^^ . _:b416949606 "7"^^ . _:b416950254 . . _:b416951064 "2"^^ . _:b416949607 "7"^^ . _:b416950249 . _:b416951547 . _:b416949604 "7"^^ . _:b416951067 "2"^^ . . _:b416950248 . _:b416951165 . _:b416949605 "7"^^ . _:b416951066 "2"^^ . _:b416950251 . _:b6279101 "Thus, loss of DEFA5, either specifically >>23<< or through global Paneth cell abnormalities21, 22, could skew mucosal responses towards a proinflammatory phenotype." . _:b416949602 "7"^^ . _:b416951077 "2"^^ . _:b416950250 . _:b416949603 "7"^^ . _:b416951076 "2"^^ . _:b416950261 . _:b416951014 . _:b416949600 "7"^^ . _:b416951079 "2"^^ . _:b416950260 . _:b416949601 "7"^^ . _:b416951078 "2"^^ . _:b416950263 . _:b416949614 "7"^^ . _:b416951073 "2"^^ . _:b416949699 . _:b416950262 . . _:b6279103 "Thus, loss of DEFA5, either specifically 23 or through global Paneth cell abnormalities21, >>22<<, could skew mucosal responses towards a proinflammatory phenotype." . . . _:b416951531 . _:b416949615 "7"^^ . _:b416951072 "2"^^ . _:b416950257 . _:b416949612 "7"^^ . _:b416951075 "2"^^ . _:b416950590 . _:b416950256 . . _:b416951346 . _:b416949613 "7"^^ . _:b416951074 "2"^^ . _:b416950259 . _:b416949610 "7"^^ . _:b416951085 "2"^^ . _:b416950258 . _:b416950237 . _:b416949611 "7"^^ . _:b416951084 "2"^^ . _:b416950269 . _:b416950747 . _:b416949619 . _:b416951087 "2"^^ . _:b416950664 . _:b416949608 "7"^^ . _:b416950268 . . _:b416949609 "7"^^ . _:b416951086 "2"^^ . _:b416950271 . _:b416951152 . _:b416949781 . _:b416951081 "2"^^ . _:b416949622 "7"^^ . . _:b416950395 . _:b416950270 . _:b416950804 . _:b416949623 "7"^^ . _:b416951080 "2"^^ . . _:b416950265 . . . _:b416951083 "2"^^ . _:b416949620 "7"^^ . _:b416950264 . _:b416949621 "7"^^ . _:b416951082 "2"^^ . . _:b416950267 . . _:b6279026 "to analyze the intestinal microbiota in two complementary mouse models: DEFA5 transgenic (tg) mice 18 express physiologically relevant amounts of the human Paneth cell \u03B1-defensin 5 (DEFA5) in mouse Paneth cells, and MMP7-deficient mice >>17<< lack the enzyme needed for processing and activation of murine Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins and thus serve as a model of \u03B1-defensin deficiency in the small intestine lumen." . _:b416949618 "7"^^ . _:b416951093 "2"^^ . _:b416950266 . _:b6279087 "However, it is possible that the absence of MMP7 in the small intestinal lumen may result in other veiled effects >>20<<, 31, 32. Although we cannot rule out that some of these effects could contribute to the observations noted here, the presence of the DEFA5 transgene resulted in reciprocal effects as the absence of MMP7. In addition, although DEFA5 is not" . _:b416949619 "7"^^ . _:b416951092 "2"^^ . . _:b416951061 . _:b416949765 . . _:b416949616 "7"^^ . _:b416951284 . _:b416951095 "2"^^ . _:b416949764 . . _:b416950127 . . _:b416949617 "7"^^ . _:b416951094 "2"^^ . _:b416949767 . _:b416949630 "6"^^ . _:b416951089 "2"^^ . _:b416949766 . _:b416949631 "6"^^ . _:b416951088 "2"^^ . _:b416949761 . . _:b416949628 "6"^^ . _:b416950886 . _:b416951529 . _:b416951091 "2"^^ . _:b416949760 . _:b416949629 "6"^^ . _:b416951090 "2"^^ . _:b416949821 . _:b416950163 . _:b416949763 . . _:b416950280 . _:b416949626 "7"^^ . _:b416951101 "2"^^ . . _:b416949762 . _:b416949627 "6"^^ . _:b416950514 . _:b416951100 "2"^^ . _:b416949773 . _:b416949624 "7"^^ . _:b416951103 "2"^^ . _:b416949772 . _:b416949954 . _:b416951102 "2"^^ . _:b416949625 "7"^^ . _:b416949482 . _:b416949775 . _:b416949638 "6"^^ . _:b416950580 . _:b416951097 "2"^^ . _:b416949774 . _:b416949639 "6"^^ . _:b416951096 "2"^^ . _:b416949769 . . _:b416949636 "6"^^ . _:b416951099 "2"^^ . _:b416949768 . _:b416949637 . _:b416949637 "6"^^ . _:b416951098 "2"^^ . _:b416949771 . . _:b416949820 . _:b416949634 "6"^^ . _:b416951109 "2"^^ . _:b416949770 . _:b416950113 . _:b416949635 "6"^^ . . _:b416951108 "2"^^ . _:b416949781 . _:b416949632 "6"^^ . _:b416951373 . _:b416951111 "2"^^ . _:b416951413 . . _:b416949780 . _:b416949633 "6"^^ . _:b416950800 . . _:b416951110 "2"^^ . _:b416949783 . _:b416949646 "6"^^ . . _:b416951202 . _:b416951105 "2"^^ . _:b416951080 . _:b416949782 . _:b416951431 . _:b416951403 . . _:b416949647 "6"^^ . . _:b416951104 "2"^^ . _:b416949777 . _:b416949644 "6"^^ . _:b416951107 "2"^^ . _:b416949776 . . _:b416949645 "6"^^ . _:b416951057 . _:b416950922 . _:b416951106 "2"^^ . . _:b416949779 . _:b416949642 "6"^^ . _:b416951117 "2"^^ . _:b416949778 . _:b416949643 "6"^^ . _:b416951116 "2"^^ . _:b416949789 . _:b416951468 . _:b416949640 "6"^^ . _:b416950616 . _:b416951119 "2"^^ . . _:b416949788 . _:b416949641 "6"^^ . _:b416951118 "2"^^ . _:b416949791 . _:b416949654 "6"^^ . _:b416951113 "2"^^ . _:b416949790 . _:b416951343 . _:b416949655 "6"^^ . _:b416951149 . _:b416951112 "2"^^ . _:b416949785 . _:b6279042 "quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) 30 using both group-specific and kingdom-specific (Eubacterial) primers for 16S rRNA (Supplementary Table 2), targeting groups covering the dominant bacterial populations in the mouse intestinal tract >>24<<. However, there are inherent limitations with this approach 30." . _:b416949652 "6"^^ . _:b416951115 "2"^^ . _:b416949784 . _:b416950788 . _:b6279024 . . _:b416949653 "6"^^ . _:b416951114 "2"^^ . _:b416949787 . _:b416951581 . _:b416949650 "6"^^ . _:b416951125 "2"^^ . _:b416949786 . . _:b416949651 "6"^^ . _:b416951124 "2"^^ . . _:b416949797 . _:b416949648 "6"^^ . . _:b416951127 "2"^^ . _:b416949796 . _:b416949594 . _:b416949649 "6"^^ . _:b416951126 "2"^^ . . _:b416949799 . _:b416950786 . _:b416949662 "6"^^ . . _:b416951121 "2"^^ . _:b416949798 . _:b416949663 "6"^^ . _:b416949547 . _:b416951120 "2"^^ . _:b416949793 . _:b416951018 . _:b416949660 "6"^^ . _:b416950795 . _:b416951123 "2"^^ . _:b416949792 . _:b416950257 . _:b416949661 "6"^^ . . _:b416951122 "2"^^ . . _:b416949795 . _:b6279047 . _:b416949658 "6"^^ . . . _:b416951133 "2"^^ . _:b416949794 . . _:b416949659 "6"^^ . . _:b416951132 "2"^^ . _:b416949805 . _:b416950636 . . _:b416949656 "6"^^ . _:b416949601 . _:b416951135 "2"^^ . _:b416949804 . _:b416950178 . . _:b416949657 "6"^^ . . _:b416951134 "2"^^ . _:b416949807 . . . _:b416949670 "6"^^ . _:b6279045 "Along with its role in processing Paneth cell \u03B1-defensins that are secreted into the small intestinal lumen, MMP7 has been shown to have other extraintestinal and intestinal roles >>20<<, 31, including epithelial repair and transepithelial influx of neutrophils 32, as well as activation of other enzymes." . _:b416951129 "2"^^ . _:b416949806 . . _:b416950729 . _:b416949671 "6"^^ . _:b416951128 "2"^^ . _:b416949801 . . _:b416949668 "6"^^ . _:b416951131 "2"^^ . _:b416949800 . . _:b416949669 "6"^^ . _:b416951130 "2"^^ . _:b416949803 . _:b416951046 . . _:b416951297 . _:b416949666 "6"^^ . . _:b416951141 "2"^^ . _:b416950833 . _:b416949802 . . _:b416949667 "6"^^ . _:b416951140 "2"^^ . _:b416949813 . . _:b6279089 . _:b416949664 "6"^^ . _:b416951143 "2"^^ . _:b416949812 . . _:b416949665 "6"^^ . _:b416951142 "2"^^ . _:b416949815 . . _:b416949678 "6"^^ . _:b416951497 . _:b416949494 . _:b416951137 "2"^^ . _:b416949814 . _:b416949679 "6"^^ . _:b416950656 . . _:b416951136 "2"^^ . _:b416949809 . . . . _:b416949676 "6"^^ . _:b416949567 . _:b416951139 "2"^^ . _:b416949808 . . . _:b416949677 "6"^^ . _:b416951317 . _:b416951106 . _:b416951138 "2"^^ . _:b416949811 . _:b416950678 . . . _:b416949674 "6"^^ . _:b416951149 "2"^^ . _:b416949810 . . . _:b416949675 "6"^^ . _:b416950004 . _:b416951148 "2"^^ . _:b416950025 . _:b416949821 . _:b416950807 . . _:b416949672 "6"^^ . _:b416951151 "2"^^ . _:b416949820 . . _:b416949576 . . _:b416949673 "6"^^ . . _:b416951150 "2"^^ . _:b416949823 . _:b416951205 . _:b416950850 . _:b416951145 "2"^^ . _:b416949822 . . _:b416949685 "5"^^ . . _:b416951144 "2"^^ . _:b416949817 . . _:b416949684 "6"^^ . . . _:b416951147 "2"^^ . _:b416949816 . _:b416949490 . _:b416949687 "5"^^ . _:b416949780 . _:b416951146 "2"^^ . _:b416949819 . _:b6279085 "The two genetic mouse models used in this study are strongly complementary, and have been integral to previous studies of in vivo Paneth cell \u03B1-defensin function >>17<<, 18. In these models, the genetic manipulations that alter \u03B1-defensin expression do not affect expression of other Paneth cell effector molecules. However, it is possible that the absence of MMP7 in the small intestinal lumen may result" . _:b416950445 . _:b416949686 "5"^^ . _:b416949682 "6"^^ . . _:b416951157 "2"^^ . _:b416949818 . _:b416949683 "6"^^ . _:b416951156 "2"^^ . _:b416949829 . . _:b416949680 "6"^^ . _:b416951159 "2"^^ . _:b416949828 . _:b416949681 "6"^^ . _:b416951370 . . _:b416951158 "2"^^ . _:b416949831 . _:b416950370 . . . _:b416951153 "2"^^ . _:b416949830 . _:b416949693 "5"^^ . _:b416951152 "2"^^ . _:b416949825 . _:b416949692 "5"^^ . _:b416951301 . . . _:b416951155 "2"^^ . _:b416949824 . _:b416949695 "5"^^ . _:b416951300 . . _:b416951154 "2"^^ . _:b416951214 . _:b416949827 . _:b416949694 "5"^^ . _:b416951303 . _:b416951165 "2"^^ . _:b416949826 . _:b416950547 . . _:b416951302 . _:b416949689 "5"^^ . _:b416951164 "2"^^ . _:b416949837 . . _:b416951297 . _:b416949688 "5"^^ . _:b416951035 . _:b416951167 "2"^^ . _:b416949836 . . . _:b416951296 . _:b416949691 "5"^^ . _:b416951166 "2"^^ . _:b416949839 . _:b416950903 . _:b416949690 "5"^^ . _:b416951299 . _:b416951161 "2"^^ . _:b416949838 . _:b416949825 . _:b416951298 . _:b416949701 "5"^^ . _:b6279056 . _:b416951160 "2"^^ . _:b416949833 . _:b416949700 "5"^^ . _:b416951309 . _:b416949671 . _:b416951163 "2"^^ . . _:b416949832 . . . _:b416949703 "5"^^ . _:b416951332 . _:b416951308 . . _:b416951582 . . . _:b416951162 "2"^^ . _:b416951550 . _:b416949835 . _:b416951226 . _:b416949702 "5"^^ . _:b416951311 . . . _:b416950952 . _:b416951173 "2"^^ . _:b416949834 . _:b416949697 "5"^^ . _:b416951310 . . _:b6279062 "of specific intestinal bacterial groups was measured by qPCR using the MyiQ Single-Color Real-Time PCR Detection System (BioRad) using group specific 16S rDNA primers (Operon Technologies) (Supplementary Table 2) as previously described >>30<<. Using genomic DNA from each sample, real time PCR reactions were completed using group specific primers to determine the amount of bacteria in each of the following major groups:" . _:b416951172 "2"^^ . _:b416949564 . _:b416949845 . _:b416949696 "5"^^ . _:b416951305 . _:b416951175 "2"^^ . _:b416949844 . _:b416949699 "5"^^ . _:b416951304 . . _:b416951030 . . _:b416951174 "2"^^ . _:b416949847 . . _:b416951307 . _:b416949698 "5"^^ . . _:b416950342 . . _:b416951169 "2"^^ . _:b416949846 . . _:b416949709 "5"^^ . _:b416951306 . _:b416950579 . . _:b416951168 "2"^^ . _:b416949841 . . _:b416949708 "5"^^ . _:b416951317 . _:b416951171 "2"^^ . _:b416951492 . _:b416949840 . _:b416949711 "5"^^ . _:b416951316 . . _:b6279022 "In the lumen of the small intestine of humans and other mammals, Paneth cell derived \u03B1-defensins (also called crypt defensins, cryptdins) are predominant antimicrobial factors >>16<< that are effective mediators of host defense against enteric bacterial pathogens 17\u201319." . _:b416951170 "2"^^ . _:b416949843 . . _:b416951319 . _:b416949710 "5"^^ . _:b416951181 "2"^^ . _:b416949842 . . _:b416951318 . _:b416950900 . _:b416950585 . _:b416949705 "5"^^ . . _:b416951180 "2"^^ . _:b416949853 . _:b416951528 . _:b416950848 . . _:b416951313 . _:b416949704 "5"^^ . _:b416950638 . _:b416951183 "2"^^ . _:b416949852 . _:b416949707 "5"^^ . _:b416951312 . _:b416950908 . . _:b416951182 "2"^^ . _:b416949855 . _:b416949706 "5"^^ . _:b416951315 . _:b416950562 . . _:b416951177 "2"^^ . _:b416949854 . . _:b416949717 "5"^^ . _:b416951314 . _:b416950916 . . _:b416950364 . _:b416951176 "2"^^ . _:b416949849 . . _:b416949716 "5"^^ . _:b416951325 . . _:b416951179 "2"^^ . _:b416949848 . _:b416949831 . _:b416951324 . _:b416949719 "5"^^ . _:b416951178 "2"^^ . _:b416949851 . _:b416951482 . . _:b416949718 "5"^^ . _:b416951327 . _:b416950096 . . _:b416951189 "2"^^ . _:b416950447 . _:b416949850 . _:b416949713 "5"^^ . _:b416951326 . _:b416950736 . _:b416951188 "2"^^ . _:b416949861 . _:b416949911 . _:b416949712 "5"^^ . _:b416951321 . _:b416951191 "2"^^ . _:b416949860 . . _:b416949715 "5"^^ . _:b416951320 . _:b416950834 . _:b416951190 "2"^^ . _:b416949863 . . _:b416951323 . _:b416949714 "5"^^ . _:b416951185 "2"^^ . _:b416949862 . _:b416949725 "5"^^ . _:b416951322 . _:b416951233 . . _:b416951376 . _:b416951184 "2"^^ . _:b416949857 . _:b416949735 . _:b416949724 "5"^^ . _:b416951333 . . _:b416951187 "2"^^ . _:b416949856 . _:b416949453 . _:b416951332 . _:b416949727 "5"^^ . . . _:b416951186 "2"^^ . _:b416951022 . _:b416949859 . . _:b416951335 . _:b416949726 "5"^^ . _:b416951197 "2"^^ . _:b416949858 . . _:b416951334 . _:b416950958 . _:b416949721 "5"^^ . _:b416950120 . _:b416951196 "2"^^ . _:b416949869 . . _:b416949720 "5"^^ . _:b416951329 . _:b416949643 . _:b416951199 "2"^^ . _:b416949868 . _:b416949707 . _:b416949723 "5"^^ . _:b416951328 . . _:b416951198 "2"^^ . _:b416949871 . _:b416949722 "5"^^ . _:b416951331 . . _:b416951193 "2"^^ . _:b416951036 . _:b416949870 . _:b416949733 "5"^^ . _:b416951330 . _:b416950150 . . _:b416951192 "2"^^ . _:b416949865 . _:b416950149 . _:b416949732 "5"^^ . _:b416951341 . . _:b416950566 . _:b416951195 "2"^^ . _:b416949864 . _:b416951292 . _:b416949735 "5"^^ . _:b416951340 . . _:b416949592 . . _:b416951194 "2"^^ . _:b416949867 . _:b416949734 "5"^^ . _:b416951343 . _:b416950454 . _:b416951205 "2"^^ . _:b416949866 . . _:b416951342 . _:b416949729 "5"^^ . . _:b416951204 "2"^^ . _:b416949877 . _:b416950985 . _:b416950932 . . _:b416949728 "5"^^ . _:b416951337 . _:b416951207 "2"^^ . _:b416949876 . . _:b416949731 "5"^^ . _:b416951336 . _:b416951206 "2"^^ . _:b416949879 . _:b416949730 "5"^^ . _:b416951339 . _:b416951201 "2"^^ . _:b416949878 . . _:b416951338 . _:b416949741 "5"^^ . _:b416951200 "2"^^ . _:b416949873 . _:b416949740 "5"^^ . _:b416951349 . . _:b416951203 "2"^^ . _:b416949872 . _:b416951394 . _:b416949510 . _:b416951348 . _:b416949743 "5"^^ . _:b416949927 . _:b416951202 "2"^^ . _:b416949875 . _:b416949742 "5"^^ . 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. _:b416951389 . . _:b416951243 "2"^^ . _:b416949912 . _:b416951388 . . _:b416949470 . _:b416951242 "2"^^ . _:b416949915 . . _:b416951391 . _:b416950233 . _:b416950114 . . . _:b416951253 "2"^^ . _:b416949914 . _:b416949562 . _:b416951390 . _:b416951252 "2"^^ . _:b416949925 . . _:b416951385 . _:b416950334 . _:b416950465 . _:b416951255 "2"^^ . _:b416949924 . . _:b416951384 . _:b416951254 "2"^^ . _:b416949927 . _:b416951387 . _:b416951249 "2"^^ . _:b416951539 . _:b416949926 . _:b416951386 . _:b416949565 . _:b416951313 . _:b416951248 "2"^^ . _:b416949921 . _:b416951397 . _:b416949452 . _:b416951251 "2"^^ . _:b416949920 . _:b416951151 . _:b416951396 . _:b416951250 "2"^^ . _:b416949923 . _:b416950353 . _:b416949779 . . _:b416951399 . _:b416949899 . _:b416951261 "2"^^ . _:b416949922 . _:b416951327 . _:b416951398 . . _:b416951260 "2"^^ . _:b416949933 . _:b416951064 . _:b416951393 . . _:b416951263 "2"^^ . _:b416949932 . _:b416951556 . _:b416950234 . _:b416951392 . _:b416950100 . _:b416951262 "2"^^ . _:b416949935 . _:b416951395 . _:b416949912 . _:b416951257 "2"^^ . . _:b416949934 . _:b6279019 . _:b416951394 . _:b416951256 "2"^^ . _:b416949929 . _:b416951405 . . _:b416951259 "2"^^ . _:b416949928 . _:b416951404 . _:b416951258 "2"^^ . _:b416949533 . _:b416949931 . _:b416951407 . . _:b416951523 . _:b416951269 "2"^^ . _:b416949930 . _:b416949726 . _:b416951406 . _:b416951268 "2"^^ . _:b416949941 . . _:b416951401 . _:b416951271 "2"^^ . _:b416951354 . _:b416949940 . _:b416951400 . _:b416951270 "2"^^ . _:b416949943 . _:b416951367 . _:b416949923 . _:b416951403 . _:b416951265 "2"^^ . _:b416949942 . _:b416951402 . _:b416951264 "2"^^ . _:b416949937 . _:b416951413 . . _:b416951267 "2"^^ . _:b416949936 . . . _:b416951412 . _:b416951266 "2"^^ . _:b416949939 . _:b416950231 . _:b416951415 . _:b416951277 "2"^^ . _:b416949938 . _:b416951414 . _:b416951276 "2"^^ . _:b416949949 . _:b416951409 . _:b416951279 "2"^^ . _:b416949948 . _:b416951408 . _:b416951278 "2"^^ . _:b416949951 . _:b416951411 . . _:b416950727 . _:b416950811 . _:b416951273 "2"^^ . _:b416949950 . . _:b416951410 . . _:b416950271 . _:b416951272 "2"^^ . _:b416949945 . _:b416950964 . _:b416951421 . . _:b416951275 "2"^^ . _:b416949944 . _:b416951157 . _:b6279021 . _:b416951420 . _:b416951274 "2"^^ . _:b416949947 . _:b416951423 . . _:b416951285 "2"^^ . _:b416949946 . . _:b416951422 . . _:b416951284 "2"^^ . _:b416949957 . _:b416951417 . . _:b416951287 "2"^^ . _:b416949956 . _:b416950883 . _:b416951416 . . _:b416951286 "2"^^ . _:b416949959 . _:b416951419 . _:b416951281 "2"^^ . _:b416949958 . _:b416949730 . _:b416951418 . _:b416951453 . _:b416951280 "2"^^ . _:b416949953 . _:b416951429 . . _:b416951283 "2"^^ . _:b416949952 . _:b416951428 . _:b416951282 "2"^^ . _:b416949955 . _:b416951431 . _:b416950066 . _:b416951293 "2"^^ . _:b416949954 . _:b416951430 . _:b416951292 "2"^^ . _:b416949965 . _:b416951425 . . _:b416951295 "2"^^ . _:b416949964 . _:b416951424 . _:b416950167 . . _:b416951294 "2"^^ . . _:b416949967 . 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"3"^^ . _:b416951440 . _:b416949983 . _:b416950286 "3"^^ . _:b416949910 . _:b416951443 . . _:b416949982 . _:b416950281 "3"^^ . . _:b416951442 . _:b416950660 . . _:b416949977 . _:b416950280 "3"^^ . _:b416951453 . _:b416951049 . _:b416949976 . _:b416950283 "3"^^ . _:b416951452 . _:b416949979 . _:b416950552 . _:b416950282 "3"^^ . _:b416951455 . _:b416951015 . _:b416949978 . _:b416950735 . _:b416950293 "3"^^ . _:b416951454 . _:b416949618 . _:b416949989 . _:b416950292 "3"^^ . . _:b416951449 . . _:b416951512 . . _:b416950078 . _:b416949988 . _:b416950295 "3"^^ . _:b416951448 . _:b416951437 . _:b416950487 . _:b416949991 . _:b416950294 "3"^^ . _:b416950467 . _:b416951451 . _:b416950691 . _:b416949990 . _:b416950289 "3"^^ . _:b416951450 . _:b416949985 . _:b416950288 "3"^^ . _:b416951461 . _:b416949984 . _:b416950291 "3"^^ . _:b416951460 . . _:b416949987 . _:b416950290 "3"^^ . _:b416951463 . _:b416950189 . _:b416949986 . _:b6279079 . _:b416950301 "3"^^ . . _:b416951462 . . _:b416949997 . _:b416951101 . _:b416950300 "3"^^ . _:b416951457 . _:b416949996 . _:b416950303 "3"^^ . _:b416951456 . . _:b416950724 . _:b416949999 . _:b416950302 "3"^^ . _:b416950258 . _:b416951459 . . _:b416950297 "3"^^ . _:b416949998 . _:b416949665 . . _:b416951458 . _:b416949901 . _:b416950296 "3"^^ . _:b416949993 . _:b416951469 . _:b416949992 . _:b416950299 "3"^^ . _:b416951468 . _:b416950761 . _:b416949995 . _:b416950298 "3"^^ . _:b416951471 . . _:b416949994 . _:b416950309 "3"^^ . _:b416951470 . . _:b416950684 . _:b416950005 . _:b416950308 "3"^^ . _:b416950250 . _:b416951465 . . . _:b416950004 . _:b416950311 "3"^^ . _:b416951286 . _:b416951464 . _:b416950007 . _:b416950310 "3"^^ . _:b416951467 . _:b416950765 . . _:b416950682 . _:b416950305 "3"^^ . _:b416950006 . _:b416950204 . _:b416951466 . _:b416949936 . _:b416950001 . _:b416950304 "3"^^ . _:b416949666 . _:b416951477 . _:b416950640 . _:b416950247 . _:b416950000 . _:b416950307 "3"^^ . _:b416951476 . _:b416950003 . _:b416950306 "3"^^ . _:b416951479 . . _:b416950161 . _:b416951534 . _:b416950002 . _:b416950317 "3"^^ . _:b416951478 . _:b416949614 . . _:b416950013 . _:b416950316 "3"^^ . _:b416951473 . _:b416950619 . . _:b416950319 "3"^^ . _:b416950012 . _:b416949633 . _:b416951472 . _:b416950503 . _:b416950015 . _:b416950318 "3"^^ . _:b416951475 . _:b416951128 . . _:b416950313 "3"^^ . _:b416950014 . _:b416951474 . _:b416950009 . _:b416950312 "3"^^ . _:b416951485 . _:b416950625 . _:b416950008 . _:b416950315 "3"^^ . _:b416951484 . _:b416950011 . _:b416950314 "3"^^ . _:b416951487 . _:b416950452 . . _:b416950325 "3"^^ . _:b416950010 . _:b416950634 . _:b416951486 . _:b416949509 . _:b416950324 "3"^^ . _:b416951481 . . _:b6279068 . _:b416949508 . _:b416950327 "3"^^ . . _:b416951480 . . _:b416949511 . _:b416950326 "3"^^ . _:b416951483 . . _:b416951231 . _:b416949510 . _:b416950321 "3"^^ . _:b416951482 . . _:b416949505 . _:b416950320 "3"^^ . _:b416950944 . _:b416951493 . _:b416949504 . _:b416950923 . _:b416950323 "3"^^ . _:b416949778 . _:b416951492 . _:b416949507 . _:b416950541 . _:b416950322 "3"^^ . _:b416950058 . _:b416951495 . _:b416949506 . _:b416950333 "3"^^ . . _:b416951494 . _:b416949517 . _:b416950332 "3"^^ . _:b416951489 . _:b416949516 . _:b416950335 "3"^^ . _:b416949909 . . _:b416951488 . _:b416950967 . _:b416949519 . _:b416950334 "3"^^ . _:b416951491 . _:b6279059 "Litters of Mmp7 \u2212/\u2212 knockout mice >>17<<, on a B6 background, were obtained by crossing male and female Mmp7+/\u2212 parents." . . _:b416949518 . _:b416950329 "3"^^ . . _:b416951490 . _:b416951171 . _:b416949513 . _:b416950328 "3"^^ . _:b416951501 . . _:b416949512 . _:b416950331 "3"^^ . . _:b416951500 . _:b416949515 . _:b416950330 "3"^^ . _:b416951503 .