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n3:pmcid: PMC0
bibo:doi: 10.1038%2Fsrep00798
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dc:title: results
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Subject Item: _:vb19144426
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rdf:value: A spectrally-constrained dual band normalization>>26<< was used to correct the raw fluorescence signal for the nonlinear distortions caused by tissue optical properties at both the excitation and fluorescence emission wavelengths (Methods).
n3:mentions: n2:22660039

Subject Item: _:vb19144427
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rdf:value: Here, we considered CPpIX ranging from 0.156 μg/ml to 1.25 μg/ml combined with fluorescein concentrations from 1.25 to 10 μg/ml which are representative of clinically relevant concentrations>>23<<. The strongly linear and accurate relationship between wide-field qFI-derived CPpIX estimates and the actual PpIX concentrations was preserved (R2 = 0.99, mPE = 13%) across all FOVs and phantom concentrations (PE range: 0.5 and 56.3%).
n3:mentions: n2:21438658

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rdf:value: In previous work>>27<<, the accuracy of the probe was evaluated in detail and the instrument was found to reproduce known phantom and in vivo values of CPpIX with an error of less than 10%.
n3:mentions: n2:21198210

Subject Item: _:vb19144429
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dc:title: methods
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rdf:value: With the advent of imaging agents in the near infrared (NIR)>>25<<29, the design could accommodate either an LCTF operating in the NIR or a dual visible-NIR LCTF.
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Subject Item: _:vb19144431
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rdf:value: With the advent of imaging agents in the near infrared (NIR)>>2529<<, the design could accommodate either an LCTF operating in the NIR or a dual visible-NIR LCTF.
n3:mentions: n2:20676081

Subject Item: _:vb19144432
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rdf:value: The white light reflectance spectra corrected the detected fluorescence for the attenuation caused by tissue optical absorption and scattering>>21<<. Spectrally-constrained dual band normalization26 was used to estimate the intrinsic fluorescence independently of the effects of tissue optical properties through the expression where is the wavelength dependent, raw fluorescence
n3:mentions: n2:16849213

Subject Item: _:vb19144433
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rdf:value: Spectrally-constrained dual band normalization>>26<< was used to estimate the intrinsic fluorescence independently of the effects of tissue optical properties through the expression where is the wavelength dependent, raw fluorescence intensity; and are the reflectance signals integrated
n3:mentions: n2:22660039

Subject Item: _:vb19144434
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rdf:value: The CNS-1 tumor cell line was chosen because it exhibits the histopathological hallmarks of human GBM, including invasion of parenchyma and periventricular spread with single cell infiltration>>30<<. Tumors were grown for two weeks, and on day 14 post-implantation, rats were given an i.p. dose of 100 mg/kg of ALA (Sigma) two hours prior to imaging. Animals were anesthetized for surgery by inhalation of isoflurane (2–4%) in 100% O2
n3:mentions: n2:21740400

Subject Item: _:vb19144435
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dc:title: discussion
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Subject Item: _:vb19144436
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rdf:value: Our in vivo human data indicate that a detection threshold of ~100 ng/ml will provide positive predictive values in excess of 90%>>22<<23. Importantly, qFI was at least an order of magnitude more sensitive to PpIX concentration than vFI (~40 ng/ml vs. ~600 ng/ml), and generated improved contrast (~10:1) at concentrations at least one order of magnitude lower (~40 ng/ml vs.
n3:mentions: n2:21798847

Subject Item: _:vb19144437
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rdf:value: Our in vivo human data indicate that a detection threshold of ~100 ng/ml will provide positive predictive values in excess of 90%>>2223<<. Importantly, qFI was at least an order of magnitude more sensitive to PpIX concentration than vFI (~40 ng/ml vs. ~600 ng/ml), and generated improved contrast (~10:1) at concentrations at least one order of magnitude lower (~40 ng/ml vs.
n3:mentions: n2:21438658

Subject Item: _:vb19144438
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rdf:value: are specific to this tumor biomarker and suggest that the in-vivo sensitivity of the qFI technique is presently about 40 ng/ml which is below the intraoperative threshold of 100 ng/ml based on our clinical experience with PpIX to date>>22<<23. In these animals, we observed significant heterogeneity in the tumor bulk (with values ranging from 50 ng/ml to 500 ng/ml), and CPpIX levels up to 100 ng/ml in the infiltrating margins that were not visibly apparent with vFI.
n3:mentions: n2:21798847

Subject Item: _:vb19144439
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rdf:value: are specific to this tumor biomarker and suggest that the in-vivo sensitivity of the qFI technique is presently about 40 ng/ml which is below the intraoperative threshold of 100 ng/ml based on our clinical experience with PpIX to date>>2223<<. In these animals, we observed significant heterogeneity in the tumor bulk (with values ranging from 50 ng/ml to 500 ng/ml), and CPpIX levels up to 100 ng/ml in the infiltrating margins that were not visibly apparent with vFI.
n3:mentions: n2:21438658

Subject Item: _:vb19144440
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rdf:value: and scattering across the full spectrum, is anticipated to be more accurate and reduce dependencies on instrumentation and measurement calibration/scaling factors to convert the raw signal acquisitions into concentration estimates>>21<<27. Based on our experience during the development of the quantitative optical probe (which applies full-spectrum analyses), in vivo errors below 20% appear possible, although at the expense of considerably more computational effort that
n3:mentions: n2:16849213

Subject Item: _:vb19144441
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rdf:value: and scattering across the full spectrum, is anticipated to be more accurate and reduce dependencies on instrumentation and measurement calibration/scaling factors to convert the raw signal acquisitions into concentration estimates>>2127<<. Based on our experience during the development of the quantitative optical probe (which applies full-spectrum analyses), in vivo errors below 20% appear possible, although at the expense of considerably more computational effort that may
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