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10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054752
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introduction
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Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of malignant brain tumor; the current treatment of choice for patients with GBM involves surgery, radiotherapy and temozolomide [>>1<<]. Whereas this multimodality treatment approach prolongs survival, the vast majority of patients with GBM succumb to their disease within 1–2 years of diagnosis [1].
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Whereas this multimodality treatment approach prolongs survival, the vast majority of patients with GBM succumb to their disease within 1–2 years of diagnosis [>>1<<]. Accounting for this poor survival is the presumed intrinsic resistance of GBM cells to standard cytotoxic agents. However, an additional barrier to successful therapy is the invasive propensity of GBM. The capacity of GBM cells to
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have a number of in vitro properties in common with normal neural stem cells including continuous self-renewal; expression of stem cell related genes and the capacity to at least partial differentiate along neuronal and glial pathways [>>2<<], [3]. Moreover, when implanted in immuno-deficient mice GSCs form a highly invasive, phenotypically heterogeneous brain tumor [4].
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a number of in vitro properties in common with normal neural stem cells including continuous self-renewal; expression of stem cell related genes and the capacity to at least partial differentiate along neuronal and glial pathways [2], [>>3<<]. Moreover, when implanted in immuno-deficient mice GSCs form a highly invasive, phenotypically heterogeneous brain tumor [4].
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Moreover, when implanted in immuno-deficient mice GSCs form a highly invasive, phenotypically heterogeneous brain tumor [>>4<<]. Given the putative significance of GSCs in GBM development and progression, it has been generally assumed that they should also play a major role in determining GBM invasion into normal brain tissue.
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The invasive activities of GSCs and non-GSCs have been compared and the mechanism investigated under standard in vitro conditions [>>5<<]. However, because invasion reflects an interaction between tumor cells and the surrounding normal tissue, it would seem that to understand the processes mediating GBM invasion it will be necessary to account for the brain microenvironment.
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Whereas the parenchyma is composed of a variety of phenotypes, astrocytes are the most frequent non-neuronal cell type comprising approximately 50% of the human brain volume [>>6<<] and consequently are likely to represent the most frequent point of contact for tumor cells.
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Astrocytes are a rich source of growth factors, cytokines and other bioactive molecules including proteases and their inhibitors [>>7<<], [8]. Moreover, they are intimately involved in the brain response to multiple forms of injury [9], [10]. Finally, astrocytes play a major role in the maintenance and remodeling of the brain extra-cellular matrix [9], [10], [11], [12].
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Astrocytes are a rich source of growth factors, cytokines and other bioactive molecules including proteases and their inhibitors [7], [>>8<<]. Moreover, they are intimately involved in the brain response to multiple forms of injury [9], [10]. Finally, astrocytes play a major role in the maintenance and remodeling of the brain extra-cellular matrix [9], [10], [11], [12]. Thus,
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Moreover, they are intimately involved in the brain response to multiple forms of injury [>>9<<], [10]. Finally, astrocytes play a major role in the maintenance and remodeling of the brain extra-cellular matrix [9], [10], [11], [12]. Thus, in an attempt to better simulate the in situ environment and to test the hypothesis that normal
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Moreover, they are intimately involved in the brain response to multiple forms of injury [9], [>>10<<]. Finally, astrocytes play a major role in the maintenance and remodeling of the brain extra-cellular matrix [9], [10], [11], [12]. Thus, in an attempt to better simulate the in situ environment and to test the hypothesis that normal brain
n4:mentions
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Finally, astrocytes play a major role in the maintenance and remodeling of the brain extra-cellular matrix [>>9<<], [10], [11], [12].
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Finally, astrocytes play a major role in the maintenance and remodeling of the brain extra-cellular matrix [9], [>>10<<], [11], [12].
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Finally, astrocytes play a major role in the maintenance and remodeling of the brain extra-cellular matrix [9], [10], [>>11<<], [12]. Thus, in an attempt to better simulate the in situ environment and to test the hypothesis that normal brain cells influence GBM behavior, we have used co-culture conditions to define the effects of human astrocytes on GSC and
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Finally, astrocytes play a major role in the maintenance and remodeling of the brain extra-cellular matrix [9], [10], [11], [>>12<<]. Thus, in an attempt to better simulate the in situ environment and to test the hypothesis that normal brain cells influence GBM behavior, we have used co-culture conditions to define the effects of human astrocytes on GSC and non-GSC
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materials and methods
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The neurosphere forming cultures NSC11 [>>13<<] (kindly provided by Dr. Frederick Lang, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center) and GBAM1 [14] were isolated from human GBM surgical specimens as described previously [3].
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Anderson Cancer Center) and GBAM1 [>>14<<] were isolated from human GBM surgical specimens as described previously [3].
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Anderson Cancer Center) and GBAM1 [14] were isolated from human GBM surgical specimens as described previously [>>3<<]. Neurospheres were maintained in stem cell medium (DMEM/F-12, B27 supplement (Invitrogen) and bFGF and EGF (50 ng/ml each, R&D Systems)) and maintained at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2/5% O2. CD133+ cells were isolated from GBM
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CD133+ cells were isolated from GBM neurosphere cultures by FACS as previously described [>>4<<], [13] and used as a source for the described experiments.
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CD133+ cells were isolated from GBM neurosphere cultures by FACS as previously described [4], [>>13<<] and used as a source for the described experiments.
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Both CD133+ cell cultures met the criteria for tumor stem-like cells [>>4<<] , [13], [14].
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Both CD133+ cell cultures met the criteria for tumor stem-like cells [4] , [>>13<<], [14]. For use in an in vitro experiment, CD133+ neurosphere cultures (>90% CD133+ cells) were disaggregated [13] and seeded into poly-L-ornithine/laminin (po/ln; Sigma-Aldrich) coated culture dishes. Under these conditions GSCs grow as
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Both CD133+ cell cultures met the criteria for tumor stem-like cells [4] , [13], [>>14<<]. For use in an in vitro experiment, CD133+ neurosphere cultures (>90% CD133+ cells) were disaggregated [13] and seeded into poly-L-ornithine/laminin (po/ln; Sigma-Aldrich) coated culture dishes. Under these conditions GSCs grow as an
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For use in an in vitro experiment, CD133+ neurosphere cultures (>90% CD133+ cells) were disaggregated [>>13<<] and seeded into poly-L-ornithine/laminin (po/ln; Sigma-Aldrich) coated culture dishes.
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Under these conditions GSCs grow as an adherent monolayer maintaining their CD133 expression [>>13<<] and stem-like characteristics [15].
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Under these conditions GSCs grow as an adherent monolayer maintaining their CD133 expression [13] and stem-like characteristics [>>15<<]. To induce differentiation, CD133+ cells were exposed to DMEM/F-12 and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 10 days. Differentiation was defined as the loss of CD133 expression, the gain of expression of GFAP and/or β-III tubulin and cell
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The NSC11 and GBAM1 CD133+ GSC cultures used in these studies met the criteria for tumor stem-like cells [>>4<<] including self-renewal, differentiation along glial and neuronal pathways, expression of stem cell related genes and formation of brain tumors when implanted in immunodeficient mice [13], [14].
n4:mentions
n2:14522905
Subject Item
_:vb20450867
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
met the criteria for tumor stem-like cells [4] including self-renewal, differentiation along glial and neuronal pathways, expression of stem cell related genes and formation of brain tumors when implanted in immunodeficient mice [>>13<<], [14]. To induce differentiation of the GSC lines, cells were exposed to DMEM/F-12 containing 10% FBS for 10 days, which resulted in the loss of CD133 expression, the gain of expression of GFAP and/or β-III tubulin and cell cycle arrest.
n4:mentions
n2:19372578
Subject Item
_:vb20450868
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
met the criteria for tumor stem-like cells [4] including self-renewal, differentiation along glial and neuronal pathways, expression of stem cell related genes and formation of brain tumors when implanted in immunodeficient mice [13], [>>14<<]. To induce differentiation of the GSC lines, cells were exposed to DMEM/F-12 containing 10% FBS for 10 days, which resulted in the loss of CD133 expression, the gain of expression of GFAP and/or β-III tubulin and cell cycle arrest.
n4:mentions
n2:19671863
Subject Item
_:vb20450869
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
For these studies the top membrane was coated with polyornithine/laminin (po/ln), which approximates the brain extra-cellular matrix [>>12<<]. For each cell type the invasion assay was performed using the corresponding growth media, i.e., for CD133+ cells: stem cell medium; CD133− cells: DMEM/F-12 with 10% FBS (see Methods). Under these conditions, the invasion capacity of
n4:mentions
n2:15094120
Subject Item
_:vb20450870
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of interest, addition of FBS, which is often used as an invasion stimulus in this assay [>>16<<] and is included in the media used in the analysis of CD133− cell invasion (Figure 1B), had no effect on CD133+ cell invasion (Figure 1A).
n4:mentions
n2:15576908
Subject Item
_:vb20450871
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of the hub genes within the network CCL2, CD44, ANXA1 and ANXA2 have been linked to cell migration/invasion [>>17<<], [18], [19], [20].
n4:mentions
n2:21486440
Subject Item
_:vb20450872
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of the hub genes within the network CCL2, CD44, ANXA1 and ANXA2 have been linked to cell migration/invasion [17], [>>18<<], [19], [20].
n4:mentions
n2:22024282
Subject Item
_:vb20450873
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of the hub genes within the network CCL2, CD44, ANXA1 and ANXA2 have been linked to cell migration/invasion [17], [18], [>>19<<], [20]. In addition, there are a number of other non-hub genes that have been associated with cell migration/invasion such as HAS2 [21] and ACTN1 [22] (Table S1).
n4:mentions
n2:20308542
Subject Item
_:vb20450874
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of the hub genes within the network CCL2, CD44, ANXA1 and ANXA2 have been linked to cell migration/invasion [17], [18], [19], [>>20<<]. In addition, there are a number of other non-hub genes that have been associated with cell migration/invasion such as HAS2 [21] and ACTN1 [22] (Table S1).
n4:mentions
n2:16640645
Subject Item
_:vb20450875
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
In addition, there are a number of other non-hub genes that have been associated with cell migration/invasion such as HAS2 [>>21<<] and ACTN1 [22] (Table S1).
n4:mentions
n2:16024615
Subject Item
_:vb20450876
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
In addition, there are a number of other non-hub genes that have been associated with cell migration/invasion such as HAS2 [21] and ACTN1 [>>22<<] (Table S1).
n4:mentions
n2:20037648
Subject Item
_:vb20450877
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The proteins evaluated were those previously established to play a role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells: ACTN1, AGT, ANXA2, CCL2, CD44, HAS2 [>>17<<], [18], [20], [22], [23], [24] and denoted by the red circles in Figure 3C.
n4:mentions
n2:21486440
Subject Item
_:vb20450878
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The proteins evaluated were those previously established to play a role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells: ACTN1, AGT, ANXA2, CCL2, CD44, HAS2 [17], [>>18<<], [20], [22], [23], [24] and denoted by the red circles in Figure 3C.
n4:mentions
n2:22024282
Subject Item
_:vb20450879
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The proteins evaluated were those previously established to play a role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells: ACTN1, AGT, ANXA2, CCL2, CD44, HAS2 [17], [18], [>>20<<], [22], [23], [24] and denoted by the red circles in Figure 3C.
n4:mentions
n2:16640645
Subject Item
_:vb20450880
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The proteins evaluated were those previously established to play a role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells: ACTN1, AGT, ANXA2, CCL2, CD44, HAS2 [17], [18], [20], [>>22<<], [23], [24] and denoted by the red circles in Figure 3C.
n4:mentions
n2:20037648
Subject Item
_:vb20450881
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The proteins evaluated were those previously established to play a role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells: ACTN1, AGT, ANXA2, CCL2, CD44, HAS2 [17], [18], [20], [22], [>>23<<], [24] and denoted by the red circles in Figure 3C.
n4:mentions
n2:22536420
Subject Item
_:vb20450882
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The proteins evaluated were those previously established to play a role in the invasion and migration of cancer cells: ACTN1, AGT, ANXA2, CCL2, CD44, HAS2 [17], [18], [20], [22], [23], [>>24<<] and denoted by the red circles in Figure 3C.
n4:mentions
n2:16125700
Subject Item
_:vb20450883
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The complete list of genes includes such invasion/migration associated genes as ADAM10 [>>25<<], HAS2 [21], IL6ST [26], VCAM1 [27] (Table S2).
n4:mentions
n2:19357285
Subject Item
_:vb20450884
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The complete list of genes includes such invasion/migration associated genes as ADAM10 [25], HAS2 [>>21<<], IL6ST [26], VCAM1 [27] (Table S2).
n4:mentions
n2:16024615
Subject Item
_:vb20450885
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The complete list of genes includes such invasion/migration associated genes as ADAM10 [25], HAS2 [21], IL6ST [>>26<<], VCAM1 [27] (Table S2).
n4:mentions
n2:20361349
Subject Item
_:vb20450886
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The complete list of genes includes such invasion/migration associated genes as ADAM10 [25], HAS2 [21], IL6ST [26], VCAM1 [>>27<<] (Table S2).
n4:mentions
n2:19208843
Subject Item
_:vb20450887
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
In addition, of the 169 genes exclusive to the direct co-culture model 58 could be assigned to an interacting network (Figure 5C; bold genes Table S3) including such genes CTGF [>>28<<], TGFB-2 [29] and CXCL12 [30], which have been associated with invasion/migration.
n4:mentions
n2:18230158
Subject Item
_:vb20450888
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
In addition, of the 169 genes exclusive to the direct co-culture model 58 could be assigned to an interacting network (Figure 5C; bold genes Table S3) including such genes CTGF [28], TGFB-2 [>>29<<] and CXCL12 [30], which have been associated with invasion/migration.
n4:mentions
n2:11331365
Subject Item
_:vb20450889
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
In addition, of the 169 genes exclusive to the direct co-culture model 58 could be assigned to an interacting network (Figure 5C; bold genes Table S3) including such genes CTGF [28], TGFB-2 [29] and CXCL12 [>>30<<], which have been associated with invasion/migration.
n4:mentions
n2:16407848
Subject Item
_:vb20450890
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of those molecules a number of have been associated with cell migration/invasion, tissue remodeling and inflammatory response, processes that are likely to influence tumor cell invasion, including MCP-3 (CCL7), osteopontin [>>31<<], TGFB-1 [19], IL-6 [32] and IL-8 [32].
n4:mentions
n2:11126367
Subject Item
_:vb20450891
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
those molecules a number of have been associated with cell migration/invasion, tissue remodeling and inflammatory response, processes that are likely to influence tumor cell invasion, including MCP-3 (CCL7), osteopontin [31], TGFB-1 [>>19<<], IL-6 [32] and IL-8 [32]. These data suggest that proteins secreted by astrocytes may play a role in mediating CD133+ cell invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:20308542
Subject Item
_:vb20450892
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
a number of have been associated with cell migration/invasion, tissue remodeling and inflammatory response, processes that are likely to influence tumor cell invasion, including MCP-3 (CCL7), osteopontin [31], TGFB-1 [19], IL-6 [>>32<<] and IL-8 [32]. These data suggest that proteins secreted by astrocytes may play a role in mediating CD133+ cell invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:20953899
Subject Item
_:vb20450893
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
of have been associated with cell migration/invasion, tissue remodeling and inflammatory response, processes that are likely to influence tumor cell invasion, including MCP-3 (CCL7), osteopontin [31], TGFB-1 [19], IL-6 [32] and IL-8 [>>32<<]. These data suggest that proteins secreted by astrocytes may play a role in mediating CD133+ cell invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:20953899
Subject Item
_:vb20450894
rdf:type
n8:Section
dc:title
discussion
n8:contains
_:vb20450908 _:vb20450909 _:vb20450910 _:vb20450911 _:vb20450904 _:vb20450905 _:vb20450906 _:vb20450907 _:vb20450900 _:vb20450901 _:vb20450902 _:vb20450903 _:vb20450896 _:vb20450897 _:vb20450898 _:vb20450899 _:vb20450895 _:vb20450924 _:vb20450920 _:vb20450921 _:vb20450922 _:vb20450923 _:vb20450916 _:vb20450917 _:vb20450918 _:vb20450919 _:vb20450912 _:vb20450913 _:vb20450914 _:vb20450915
Subject Item
_:vb20450895
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
To investigate GSC invasion potential, we used two CD133+ cell lines isolated from GBM surgical specimens; as previously reported 13–14 these lines fit the in vitro criteria of tumor stem like cells [>>4<<]. Although additional markers of the GSC phenotype exist [33] and CD133 does not identify all GSCs, the behavior of CD133+ cells used in this study is consistent with the criteria used to GSCs in general [2], [4]. For comparison to a
n4:mentions
n2:14522905
Subject Item
_:vb20450896
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Although additional markers of the GSC phenotype exist [>>33<<] and CD133 does not identify all GSCs, the behavior of CD133+ cells used in this study is consistent with the criteria used to GSCs in general [2], [4].
n4:mentions
n2:19427293
Subject Item
_:vb20450897
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Although additional markers of the GSC phenotype exist [33] and CD133 does not identify all GSCs, the behavior of CD133+ cells used in this study is consistent with the criteria used to GSCs in general [>>2<<], [4]. For comparison to a non-GSC phenotype, the studies described here used the differentiated progeny of the CD133+ GSCs, which provides an isogenic model system for defining the influence of the stem cell like phenotype on invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:15549107
Subject Item
_:vb20450898
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Although additional markers of the GSC phenotype exist [33] and CD133 does not identify all GSCs, the behavior of CD133+ cells used in this study is consistent with the criteria used to GSCs in general [2], [>>4<<]. For comparison to a non-GSC phenotype, the studies described here used the differentiated progeny of the CD133+ GSCs, which provides an isogenic model system for defining the influence of the stem cell like phenotype on invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:14522905
Subject Item
_:vb20450899
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Invasion is a complex process involving interactions between tumor cells with the extra-cellular matrix as well as with normal cells [>>34<<]. In an attempt to incorporate such interactions into the in vitro investigation of GBM cell invasion, we used co-cultures of normal human astrocytes with GSCs or their differentiated progeny (non-GSCs).
n4:mentions
n2:22118458
Subject Item
_:vb20450900
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
The inability of FBS, which is often used as a stimuli for tumor cell invasion [>>16<<], to enhance CD133+ cell invasion in the trans-well assay is also supportive of an astrocyte specific effect.
n4:mentions
n2:15576908
Subject Item
_:vb20450901
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Astrocytes serve in multiple functional roles within the CNS under normal conditions as well as in its response to a variety of injuries [>>9<<], [10]. As part of these processes astrocytes influence the behavior of neurons, brain endothelial cells and microglia [9], [10]. More recently, astrocytes have been reported to decrease the chemosensitivity of melanoma and breast tumor
n4:mentions
n2:20012068
Subject Item
_:vb20450902
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Astrocytes serve in multiple functional roles within the CNS under normal conditions as well as in its response to a variety of injuries [9], [>>10<<]. As part of these processes astrocytes influence the behavior of neurons, brain endothelial cells and microglia [9], [10]. More recently, astrocytes have been reported to decrease the chemosensitivity of melanoma and breast tumor cell
n4:mentions
n2:12571445
Subject Item
_:vb20450903
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
As part of these processes astrocytes influence the behavior of neurons, brain endothelial cells and microglia [>>9<<], [10]. More recently, astrocytes have been reported to decrease the chemosensitivity of melanoma and breast tumor cell lines [35], [36]. The data presented herein suggest that an additional attribute of astrocytes is the ability to
n4:mentions
n2:20012068
Subject Item
_:vb20450904
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
As part of these processes astrocytes influence the behavior of neurons, brain endothelial cells and microglia [9], [>>10<<]. More recently, astrocytes have been reported to decrease the chemosensitivity of melanoma and breast tumor cell lines [35], [36]. The data presented herein suggest that an additional attribute of astrocytes is the ability to enhance GSC
n4:mentions
n2:12571445
Subject Item
_:vb20450905
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
More recently, astrocytes have been reported to decrease the chemosensitivity of melanoma and breast tumor cell lines [>>35<<], [36]. The data presented herein suggest that an additional attribute of astrocytes is the ability to enhance GSC invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:21390191
Subject Item
_:vb20450906
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
More recently, astrocytes have been reported to decrease the chemosensitivity of melanoma and breast tumor cell lines [35], [>>36<<]. The data presented herein suggest that an additional attribute of astrocytes is the ability to enhance GSC invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:20824051
Subject Item
_:vb20450907
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Astrocytes regulate normal cells within the CNS via a number of cell-cell signaling processes [>>9<<]. The transwell experiments using astrocyte monolayers and conditioned media (Figure 1) indicate that astrocytes can enhance the invasive potential of GSCs through a paracrine based mechanism.
n4:mentions
n2:20012068
Subject Item
_:vb20450908
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Whereas it has long been assumed that autocrine factors expressed by GBM cells contribute to their infiltrative character [>>37<<], the data presented here suggest that secreted factors from the normal microenvironment may also contribute to GBM invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:17971532
Subject Item
_:vb20450909
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
This analysis identified a number of proteins that have not only been associated with tumor cell invasion/migration in general but also that of GBM cells including osteopontin [>>38<<], IL-6 [39], IL-8 [40] MCP-1 [41], VEGF [42], IGFBP-2 [43], GDNF [39], HGF [44], TGFB1 [45] and TGFB2 [39].
n4:mentions
n2:20150368
Subject Item
_:vb20450910
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
This analysis identified a number of proteins that have not only been associated with tumor cell invasion/migration in general but also that of GBM cells including osteopontin [38], IL-6 [39], IL-8 [>>40<<] MCP-1 [41], VEGF [42], IGFBP-2 [43], GDNF [39], HGF [44], TGFB1 [45] and TGFB2 [39].
n4:mentions
n2:19714445
Subject Item
_:vb20450911
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
This analysis identified a number of proteins that have not only been associated with tumor cell invasion/migration in general but also that of GBM cells including osteopontin [38], IL-6 [39], IL-8 [40] MCP-1 [>>41<<], VEGF [42], IGFBP-2 [43], GDNF [39], HGF [44], TGFB1 [45] and TGFB2 [39].
n4:mentions
n2:17703277
Subject Item
_:vb20450912
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
This analysis identified a number of proteins that have not only been associated with tumor cell invasion/migration in general but also that of GBM cells including osteopontin [38], IL-6 [39], IL-8 [40] MCP-1 [41], VEGF [>>42<<], IGFBP-2 [43], GDNF [39], HGF [44], TGFB1 [45] and TGFB2 [39].
n4:mentions
n2:15967572
Subject Item
_:vb20450913
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
This analysis identified a number of proteins that have not only been associated with tumor cell invasion/migration in general but also that of GBM cells including osteopontin [38], IL-6 [39], IL-8 [40] MCP-1 [41], VEGF [42], IGFBP-2 [>>43<<], GDNF [39], HGF [44], TGFB1 [45] and TGFB2 [39].
n4:mentions
n2:14617774
Subject Item
_:vb20450914
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
a number of proteins that have not only been associated with tumor cell invasion/migration in general but also that of GBM cells including osteopontin [38], IL-6 [39], IL-8 [40] MCP-1 [41], VEGF [42], IGFBP-2 [43], GDNF [39], HGF [>>44<<], TGFB1 [45] and TGFB2 [39]. Whereas TIMP1 [46] and TIMP2 [46], proteins generally associated with inhibiting cell invasion, were also enriched in the astrocyte conditioned medium, their role in GBM biology may not be straightforward.
n4:mentions
n2:20157762
Subject Item
_:vb20450915
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
of proteins that have not only been associated with tumor cell invasion/migration in general but also that of GBM cells including osteopontin [38], IL-6 [39], IL-8 [40] MCP-1 [41], VEGF [42], IGFBP-2 [43], GDNF [39], HGF [44], TGFB1 [>>45<<] and TGFB2 [39]. Whereas TIMP1 [46] and TIMP2 [46], proteins generally associated with inhibiting cell invasion, were also enriched in the astrocyte conditioned medium, their role in GBM biology may not be straightforward.
n4:mentions
n2:21156287
Subject Item
_:vb20450916
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Whereas TIMP1 [>>46<<] and TIMP2 [46], proteins generally associated with inhibiting cell invasion, were also enriched in the astrocyte conditioned medium, their role in GBM biology may not be straightforward.
n4:mentions
n2:7820957
Subject Item
_:vb20450917
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Whereas TIMP1 [46] and TIMP2 [>>46<<], proteins generally associated with inhibiting cell invasion, were also enriched in the astrocyte conditioned medium, their role in GBM biology may not be straightforward.
n4:mentions
n2:7820957
Subject Item
_:vb20450918
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
That is, increased TIMP1 expression has been correlated with shorter overall survival of GBM patients [>>47<<] and TIMP-2 concentrations have been reported to be greater at the tumor margin [40].
n4:mentions
n2:19430729
Subject Item
_:vb20450919
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
That is, increased TIMP1 expression has been correlated with shorter overall survival of GBM patients [47] and TIMP-2 concentrations have been reported to be greater at the tumor margin [>>40<<]. Given the number of potentially relevant proteins detected in the astrocyte conditioned media, there are likely to be multiple paracrine factors acting individually and/or in a combinatorial manner to modulate GSC invasion.
n4:mentions
n2:19714445
Subject Item
_:vb20450920
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of those genes unique to direct co-culture 58 could be placed in a network with hub-genes related to invasion and migration such as ICAM1, TGFB2, NRP1, AXL, CXCL12 and CTGF [>>28<<], [29], [48], [49].
n4:mentions
n2:18230158
Subject Item
_:vb20450921
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of those genes unique to direct co-culture 58 could be placed in a network with hub-genes related to invasion and migration such as ICAM1, TGFB2, NRP1, AXL, CXCL12 and CTGF [28], [>>29<<], [48], [49].
n4:mentions
n2:11331365
Subject Item
_:vb20450922
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of those genes unique to direct co-culture 58 could be placed in a network with hub-genes related to invasion and migration such as ICAM1, TGFB2, NRP1, AXL, CXCL12 and CTGF [28], [29], [>>48<<], [49]. These data are consistent with a recent report by Edwards et al. in which orthotopic xenografts initiated from GSCs secrete CTGF, a cytokine they linked to GBM invasion [50]. These results suggest that astrocytes influence the
n4:mentions
n2:16585512
Subject Item
_:vb20450923
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
Of those genes unique to direct co-culture 58 could be placed in a network with hub-genes related to invasion and migration such as ICAM1, TGFB2, NRP1, AXL, CXCL12 and CTGF [28], [29], [48], [>>49<<]. These data are consistent with a recent report by Edwards et al. in which orthotopic xenografts initiated from GSCs secrete CTGF, a cytokine they linked to GBM invasion [50]. These results suggest that astrocytes influence the expression
n4:mentions
n2:19738068
Subject Item
_:vb20450924
rdf:type
n4:Context
rdf:value
These data are consistent with a recent report by Edwards et al. in which orthotopic xenografts initiated from GSCs secrete CTGF, a cytokine they linked to GBM invasion [>>50<<]. These results suggest that astrocytes influence the expression of a variety of invasion associated genes in GSCs and that the process is mediated by paracrine signaling as well as direct cell contact.
n4:mentions
n2:21771732
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10
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