_:b575506724 "2"^^ . _:b575506721 . _:b39048268 . _:b575506720 . _:b39048261 . _:b575506727 "2"^^ . _:b39048269 . _:b575506723 . _:b575506726 "2"^^ . _:b39048270 . _:b575506721 "2"^^ . _:b575506722 . _:b575506717 . _:b39048271 . _:b575506720 "2"^^ . _:b575506710 . _:b39048264 . _:b575506723 "2"^^ . . _:b39048265 . _:b575506722 "2"^^ . . _:b575506692 . . _:b575506693 . _:b575506682 . _:b575506704 . _:b575506694 . _:b575506695 . _:b39048266 . . _:b575506688 . _:b575506689 . _:b575506690 . _:b39048267 . _:b575506691 . _:b575506700 . _:b575506683 . _:b575506701 . _:b575506702 . _:b575506703 . _:b575506728 . _:b575506696 . . _:b575506697 . _:b575506698 . _:b575506699 . _:b575506708 . _:b575506709 . _:b575506710 . _:b575506711 . . _:b575506704 . _:b575506705 . _:b575506706 . _:b575506669 . _:b575506707 . _:b575506728 "2"^^ . _:b575506716 . _:b575506717 . _:b575506718 . _:b39048272 . _:b575506668 . . _:b575506719 . _:b575506712 . _:b575506713 . . _:b575506690 . _:b575506671 . _:b575506714 . _:b575506715 . _:b575506724 . _:b575506725 . . _:b575506726 . _:b575506670 . _:b575506727 . _:b575506716 . _:b575506720 . _:b575506721 . _:b575506722 . _:b575506723 . _:b575506684 . _:b39048259 "Relapses are caused by malignant cell regrowth initiated by chemoresistant leukemic clones.>>2<<," . _:b575506691 . _:b575506728 . . _:b575506667 . _:b575506706 . _:b575506708 . _:b575506676 . _:b575506677 . _:b575506676 . _:b575506728 . _:b575506679 . . _:b575506678 . _:b575506723 . . _:b575506673 . _:b39048268 "of primary human AML or normal CD34+ cells is greatly enhanced if recipients receive a chemical conditioning regimen such as busulfan (a myeloablative alkylating agent, 25\u201335\u2009mg/kg) or total body irradiation (up to 4\u2009Gy).8, >>9<<, 10, 11 However, it is not clear whether conditioning improves the engraftment of human AML cell lines especially in the most recently developed NSG mouse model." . _:b575506672 . _:b575506685 . _:b575506675 . _:b575506689 . _:b575506674 . _:b575506688 . _:b39048270 "8, 9, 10, >>11<< However, it is not clear whether conditioning improves the engraftment of human AML cell lines especially in the most recently developed NSG mouse model." . _:b575506695 . _:b575506705 . _:b575506685 . . _:b575506684 . _:b575506677 . _:b575506672 . _:b575506687 . . _:b575506678 . _:b575506686 . _:b575506681 . _:b575506668 . _:b575506669 . . _:b575506680 . _:b575506670 . _:b575506671 . _:b575506683 . _:b575506667 . _:b575506676 . _:b575506674 . _:b575506677 . _:b575506682 . _:b575506678 . _:b575506679 . _:b575506672 . _:b575506673 . _:b575506674 . _:b575506675 . _:b575506684 . _:b575506685 . . _:b575506686 . . _:b575506687 . _:b575506680 . _:b39048263 "(SCID) IL2R\u03B3cnull (NSG) mice.4, 5 These highly immunodeficient mice have the advantages of a longer life span and higher levels of engraftment of human AML cells compared with other immunocompromised mouse strains such as SCID, NOD-SCID.>>4<<, 6, 7 However, this model is based on three-to-six month-long experiments with a large excess of cells and requires access to a biobank of diverse primary AML patient samples." . _:b575506681 . _:b575506682 . . _:b575506683 . . . . . . . _:b39048270 . _:b39048265 "IL2R\u03B3cnull (NSG) mice.4, 5 These highly immunodeficient mice have the advantages of a longer life span and higher levels of engraftment of human AML cells compared with other immunocompromised mouse strains such as SCID, NOD-SCID.4, 6, >>7<< However, this model is based on three-to-six month-long experiments with a large excess of cells and requires access to a biobank of diverse primary AML patient samples." . . . . . _:b575506667 . . _:b575506726 . . _:b575506693 . . . _:b575506711 . . _:b39048266 _:b39048268 . _:b39048266 _:b39048269 . _:b39048266 _:b39048270 . _:b39048266 _:b39048271 . . _:b39048266 _:b39048267 . _:b575506725 . _:b575506696 . _:b39048269 . . _:b575506699 . _:b575506680 . _:b39048261 "a robust xenotransplantation model to study primary human AML biology and stem cell function based on the engraftment of primary AML samples into non-obese diabetic (NOD)/LtSz-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) IL2R\u03B3cnull (NSG) mice.>>4<<, 5 These highly immunodeficient mice have the advantages of a longer life span and higher levels of engraftment of human AML cells compared with other immunocompromised mouse strains such as SCID, NOD-SCID." . _:b575506713 . . _:b39048266 _:b39048272 . _:b39048262 "xenotransplantation model to study primary human AML biology and stem cell function based on the engraftment of primary AML samples into non-obese diabetic (NOD)/LtSz-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) IL2R\u03B3cnull (NSG) mice.4, >>5<< These highly immunodeficient mice have the advantages of a longer life span and higher levels of engraftment of human AML cells compared with other immunocompromised mouse strains such as SCID, NOD-SCID." . _:b39048257 _:b39048258 . _:b575506698 . _:b39048257 _:b39048259 . _:b39048257 _:b39048260 . . _:b39048257 _:b39048261 . _:b39048257 _:b39048262 . _:b39048257 _:b39048263 . _:b39048257 _:b39048264 . . _:b39048257 _:b39048265 . . . _:b575506681 . . _:b575506722 . . _:b39048267 "of primary human AML or normal CD34+ cells is greatly enhanced if recipients receive a chemical conditioning regimen such as busulfan (a myeloablative alkylating agent, 25\u201335\u2009mg/kg) or total body irradiation (up to 4\u2009Gy).>>8<<, 9, 10, 11 However, it is not clear whether conditioning improves the engraftment of human AML cell lines especially in the most recently developed NSG mouse model." . _:b39048267 . . _:b575506727 . . _:b575506714 . . . _:b39048262 . _:b575506671 . "10.1038%2Fbcj.2015.19" . . . . . _:b575506702 . . _:b39048257 "introduction" . . _:b575506709 . . _:b39048268 . _:b575506724 . _:b39048264 . _:b575506670 . . _:b575506669 "3"^^ . _:b575506668 "3"^^ . . _:b575506671 "2"^^ . _:b575506694 . _:b575506670 "3"^^ . _:b39048264 "IL2R\u03B3cnull (NSG) mice.4, 5 These highly immunodeficient mice have the advantages of a longer life span and higher levels of engraftment of human AML cells compared with other immunocompromised mouse strains such as SCID, NOD-SCID.4, >>6<<, 7 However, this model is based on three-to-six month-long experiments with a large excess of cells and requires access to a biobank of diverse primary AML patient samples." . _:b39048258 . _:b575506720 . . _:b575506667 "3"^^ . _:b575506677 "2"^^ . _:b575506676 "2"^^ . _:b39048260 . . _:b575506679 "2"^^ . _:b575506678 "2"^^ . . _:b575506687 . _:b575506673 "2"^^ . _:b575506672 "2"^^ . . _:b575506675 "2"^^ . _:b575506674 "2"^^ . . . _:b575506685 "2"^^ . . . _:b575506684 "2"^^ . . _:b575506687 "2"^^ . _:b575506686 "2"^^ . . _:b39048272 . _:b575506681 "2"^^ . _:b575506680 "2"^^ . _:b575506693 . . _:b575506683 "2"^^ . _:b575506692 . _:b39048259 . _:b575506682 "2"^^ . _:b575506695 . . _:b39048257 . . _:b575506693 "2"^^ . _:b575506694 . _:b575506692 "2"^^ . _:b575506689 . _:b575506700 . _:b39048266 . _:b575506695 "2"^^ . _:b575506688 . _:b575506694 "2"^^ . _:b575506691 . _:b575506679 . . _:b575506690 . _:b575506689 "2"^^ . _:b575506721 . _:b575506688 "2"^^ . _:b575506701 . _:b575506700 . _:b39048260 "Relapses are caused by malignant cell regrowth initiated by chemoresistant leukemic clones.2, >>3<<" . _:b575506691 "2"^^ . _:b39048266 "results and discussion" . . _:b575506707 . _:b575506703 . _:b575506690 "2"^^ . . . _:b575506702 . _:b575506701 "2"^^ . _:b39048272 "With the sole exception of the CD38 marker, the NSG-based model of AML maintains cell phenotype more consistently than in the NOD-SCID model.>>12<<" . _:b575506697 . _:b575506700 "2"^^ . _:b575506712 . _:b575506701 . _:b575506696 . _:b575506703 "2"^^ . "PMC0" . _:b575506715 . _:b575506699 . _:b575506702 "2"^^ . _:b575506697 . _:b575506698 . _:b575506697 "2"^^ . _:b575506718 . _:b575506709 . _:b575506696 "2"^^ . _:b575506669 . _:b575506708 . _:b575506699 "2"^^ . _:b575506692 . _:b39048258 "by clonal expansion of immature myeloblasts, initiating from rare leukemic stem or progenitor cells. In Europe and the USA, the incidence and mortality rates of AML are about 5 to 8/100.000 and 4 to 6/100.000 per year, respectively.>>1<< Despite a high rate of complete remission after treatment with genotoxic agents, the relapse rate remains very high and the prognosis very poor." . _:b575506711 . _:b575506698 "2"^^ . . _:b575506710 . _:b575506709 "2"^^ . _:b575506705 . _:b575506708 "2"^^ . _:b575506703 . . . _:b575506704 . _:b39048271 "show a diversity of engraftment capacities and aggressiveness in these AML cell lines, as well as a diversity in tissue tropism, consistent with what we observed with AML patient cells transplanted in the same immunodeficient mice strain.>>4<< Engraftment levels, tissue distribution and overall survival are not associated with any clinical features and cytogenetic abnormalities." . _:b575506711 "2"^^ . _:b575506707 . _:b575506710 "2"^^ . _:b575506706 . _:b575506705 "2"^^ . _:b575506717 . _:b575506704 "2"^^ . _:b575506716 . _:b575506707 "2"^^ . _:b575506668 . _:b575506719 . _:b575506706 "2"^^ . . . _:b39048271 . _:b575506717 "2"^^ . _:b575506718 . _:b39048265 . _:b575506719 . _:b575506713 . _:b575506716 "2"^^ . _:b39048260 . _:b575506712 . _:b575506719 "2"^^ . _:b575506686 . . _:b39048261 . _:b575506715 . _:b575506718 "2"^^ . _:b39048269 "of primary human AML or normal CD34+ cells is greatly enhanced if recipients receive a chemical conditioning regimen such as busulfan (a myeloablative alkylating agent, 25\u201335\u2009mg/kg) or total body irradiation (up to 4\u2009Gy).8, 9, >>10<<, 11 However, it is not clear whether conditioning improves the engraftment of human AML cell lines especially in the most recently developed NSG mouse model." . _:b39048262 . _:b575506714 . _:b575506713 "2"^^ . _:b575506673 . . _:b39048263 . _:b575506725 . _:b575506712 "2"^^ . . _:b575506724 . _:b575506715 "2"^^ . . _:b575506714 "2"^^ . _:b575506727 . _:b39048257 . _:b39048258 . _:b575506725 "2"^^ . _:b39048263 . _:b575506726 . _:b575506675 . _:b39048259 .