@prefix rdf: . @prefix ns1: . rdf:type ns1:RelevantPaper , ns1:ReferencePaper , ns1:CitationPaper . @prefix rdfs: . rdfs:seeAlso , , , . @prefix bibo: . bibo:cites , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; ns1:cocitationWith , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; ns1:hasRelevantBibliographicResourceOf _:b595954590 , _:b595954591 , _:b595954592 , _:b595954593 , _:b595954594 , _:b595954595 , _:b595954596 , _:b595954597 , _:b595954598 , _:b595954599 , _:b595954600 , _:b595954601 , _:b595954602 , _:b595954603 , _:b595954604 , _:b595954605 , _:b595954606 , _:b595954607 , _:b595954608 , _:b595954609 , _:b595954610 , _:b595954611 , _:b595954612 , _:b595954613 , _:b595954614 , _:b595954615 , _:b595954616 , _:b595954617 , _:b595954618 , _:b595954619 , _:b595954620 , _:b595954621 , _:b595954622 ; ns1:pmcid "PMC0" ; bibo:doi "10.7150%2Fthno.13137" . @prefix ns4: . ns4:contains _:b47506587 , _:b47506597 , _:b47506603 , _:b47506605 . _:b47506587 rdf:type ns4:Section . @prefix dc: . _:b47506587 dc:title "introduction" ; ns4:contains _:b47506588 , _:b47506589 , _:b47506590 , _:b47506591 , _:b47506592 , _:b47506593 , _:b47506594 , _:b47506595 , _:b47506596 . _:b47506588 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "Success of embolization is determined by monitoring antegrade flow of soluble contrast medium to reach the desired flow-based procedural endpoint of reduced or nearly static blood flow >>2<<. Soluble contrast retention in the tumor and/or lack of tumor contrast enhancement due to the embolization, monitored with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or multidetector CT (MDCT), may be employed to indicate coverage or" ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506589 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "tumor contrast enhancement due to the embolization, monitored with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or multidetector CT (MDCT), may be employed to indicate coverage or completeness of treatment and to predict response and recurrence >>3<<-6. However, the true bead location is unknown and only inferred from indirect and temporary signs as soluble contrast medium washes out 3-6." ; ns1:mentions , , , . _:b47506590 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "However, the true bead location is unknown and only inferred from indirect and temporary signs as soluble contrast medium washes out >>3<<-6." ; ns1:mentions , , , . _:b47506591 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "For example, in the embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma, the goal is to completely embolize the tumor while avoiding non-target tissue embolization >>2<<. A radiopaque bead may provide additional procedural value by improving the visualization of target and non-target embolization compared to soluble contrast medium alone. This unmet clinical need has motivated the development of various" ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506592 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "using processes such as precipitation of barium sulphate or incorporation of tantalum powder within the polymer matrix and reaction with iodine-containing compounds such as iothalamic acid and 3-acetytamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyl chloride >>7<<-11. There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) 12-16, magnetic resonance imaging 17-21, or both 22, 23." ; ns1:mentions , , , . _:b47506593 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) >>12<<-16, magnetic resonance imaging 17-21, or both 22, 23." ; ns1:mentions , , , , . _:b47506594 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) 12-16, magnetic resonance imaging >>17<<-21, or both 22, 23." ; ns1:mentions , , , , . _:b47506595 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) 12-16, magnetic resonance imaging 17-21, or both >>22<<, 23. However, these imageable beads have not obtained widespread clinical adoption." ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506596 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) 12-16, magnetic resonance imaging 17-21, or both 22, >>23<<. However, these imageable beads have not obtained widespread clinical adoption." ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506597 rdf:type ns4:Section ; dc:title "materials and methods" ; ns4:contains _:b47506598 , _:b47506599 , _:b47506600 , _:b47506601 , _:b47506602 . _:b47506598 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "This gelatinous suspension is generally referred to as a homogeneous phantom >>14<<. Line phantoms were similarly prepared except tubes of known inner diameters (0.28, 0.40, 0.58, 0.86 and 1.02 mm) were first filled with beads in deionized water prior to setting the filled tubes in an agarose matrix." ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506599 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "Each recipient animal received tumor implantation in the left lobe of the liver as detailed in previous publication >>25<<. The tumors were allowed to grow in the livers for 2 weeks, after which time a well demarcated solitary tumor was expected to grow to a size of about 2.0 cm in diameter 26." ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506600 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "The tumors were allowed to grow in the livers for 2 weeks, after which time a well demarcated solitary tumor was expected to grow to a size of about 2.0 cm in diameter >>26<<." ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506601 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "The procedure was performed as previously reported >>25<<, 26. Briefly, surgical cut down was done on pre-anesthetized rabbits (isoflurane 1.5-3%) to gain access into the common femoral artery followed by the placement of a 3-Fr vascular sheath (Cook, Inc., Bloomington, IN)." ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506602 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "The procedure was performed as previously reported 25, >>26<<. Briefly, surgical cut down was done on pre-anesthetized rabbits (isoflurane 1.5-3%) to gain access into the common femoral artery followed by the placement of a 3-Fr vascular sheath (Cook, Inc., Bloomington, IN)." ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506603 rdf:type ns4:Section ; dc:title "results" ; ns4:contains _:b47506604 . _:b47506604 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "LC Bead has high EWC (96%) and a density of ~1.05 g/cc >>27<<. In comparison, the covalent attachment of triiodobenzyl moieties to RO Beads confers a more hydrophobic and dense bead structure, resulting in a density of 1.21-1.36 g/cc, EWC of 60-72% and ~100-fold greater elastic compression modulus" ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506605 rdf:type ns4:Section ; dc:title "discussion" ; ns4:contains _:b47506608 , _:b47506609 , _:b47506610 , _:b47506606 , _:b47506607 . _:b47506606 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "beads relies on indirect signs compared to conventional Lipiodol-based TACE, in which the treatment delivery is readily visible due to the inherent radiopacity of the drug delivery vehicle itself (the iodinated poppy-seed oil) >>2<<, 28. Indeed, the exact distribution of radiolucent beads currently used to treat liver tumors is unknown and the assessment of treatment is based on the visualization of retained soluble contrast in the target tissue area and/or lack of" ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506607 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "beads relies on indirect signs compared to conventional Lipiodol-based TACE, in which the treatment delivery is readily visible due to the inherent radiopacity of the drug delivery vehicle itself (the iodinated poppy-seed oil) 2, >>28<<. Indeed, the exact distribution of radiolucent beads currently used to treat liver tumors is unknown and the assessment of treatment is based on the visualization of retained soluble contrast in the target tissue area and/or lack of" ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506608 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "to treat liver tumors is unknown and the assessment of treatment is based on the visualization of retained soluble contrast in the target tissue area and/or lack of contrast enhancement after treatment of previously enhancing lesions >>3<<-6. These intra-procedural image-based signs are temporary and vanish quickly as soluble contrast medium washes out." ; ns1:mentions , , , . _:b47506609 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "ease of delivery during an embolization procedure as beads that rapidly settle in the delivery syringe are not channeled into the catheter at a uniform rate, leading to unpredictable and problematic delivery including proximal occlusion >>29<<." ; ns1:mentions . _:b47506610 rdf:type ns1:Context ; rdf:value "composed of deformable hydrogels are often designed to temporarily deform in a catheter and re-expand upon release into the artery in order to aid in delivery when the inner diameter of the catheter is smaller than the bead diameter >>27<<. The lower EWC of RO Beads inferred a more collapsed hydrogel network leading to a ~100-fold greater elastic compression modulus than LC Bead." ; ns1:mentions . _:b595954590 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource . @prefix xsd: . _:b595954590 ns1:RelevantScore "6"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954591 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "4"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954592 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "4"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954593 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "3"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954594 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "3"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954595 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "3"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954596 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "3"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954597 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "3"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954598 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954599 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954600 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954601 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954602 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954603 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954604 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954605 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954606 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954607 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954608 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954609 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954610 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954611 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954612 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954613 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954614 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954615 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954616 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954617 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954618 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954619 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954620 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954621 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId . _:b595954622 rdf:type ns1:RelevantBibliographicResource ; ns1:RelevantScore "2"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ; ns1:hasRelevantPaperId .