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Statements

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Subject Item: _:vb47506587
rdf:type: n6:Section
dc:title: introduction
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Subject Item: _:vb47506588
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Success of embolization is determined by monitoring antegrade flow of soluble contrast medium to reach the desired flow-based procedural endpoint of reduced or nearly static blood flow >>2<<. Soluble contrast retention in the tumor and/or lack of tumor contrast enhancement due to the embolization, monitored with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or multidetector CT (MDCT), may be employed to indicate coverage or
n2:mentions: n3:21602502

Subject Item: _:vb47506589
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: tumor contrast enhancement due to the embolization, monitored with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or multidetector CT (MDCT), may be employed to indicate coverage or completeness of treatment and to predict response and recurrence >>3<<-6. However, the true bead location is unknown and only inferred from indirect and temporary signs as soluble contrast medium washes out 3-6.
n2:mentions: n3:23452553 n3:22739645 n3:23143027 n3:23152036

Subject Item: _:vb47506590
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rdf:value: However, the true bead location is unknown and only inferred from indirect and temporary signs as soluble contrast medium washes out >>3<<-6.
n2:mentions: n3:23452553 n3:22739645 n3:23143027 n3:23152036

Subject Item: _:vb47506591
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: For example, in the embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma, the goal is to completely embolize the tumor while avoiding non-target tissue embolization >>2<<. A radiopaque bead may provide additional procedural value by improving the visualization of target and non-target embolization compared to soluble contrast medium alone. This unmet clinical need has motivated the development of various
n2:mentions: n3:21602502

Subject Item: _:vb47506592
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: using processes such as precipitation of barium sulphate or incorporation of tantalum powder within the polymer matrix and reaction with iodine-containing compounds such as iothalamic acid and 3-acetytamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyl chloride >>7<<-11. There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) 12-16, magnetic resonance imaging 17-21, or both 22, 23.
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Subject Item: _:vb47506593
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) >>12<<-16, magnetic resonance imaging 17-21, or both 22, 23.
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Subject Item: _:vb47506594
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) 12-16, magnetic resonance imaging >>17<<-21, or both 22, 23.
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Subject Item: _:vb47506595
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) 12-16, magnetic resonance imaging 17-21, or both >>22<<, 23. However, these imageable beads have not obtained widespread clinical adoption.
n2:mentions: n3:21263332

Subject Item: _:vb47506596
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: There are numerous recent examples of imageable beads that are visualized by X-ray (e.g. fluoroscopy and CT) 12-16, magnetic resonance imaging 17-21, or both 22, >>23<<. However, these imageable beads have not obtained widespread clinical adoption.
n2:mentions: n3:25448561

Subject Item: _:vb47506597
rdf:type: n6:Section
dc:title: materials and methods
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Subject Item: _:vb47506598
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rdf:value: This gelatinous suspension is generally referred to as a homogeneous phantom >>14<<. Line phantoms were similarly prepared except tubes of known inner diameters (0.28, 0.40, 0.58, 0.86 and 1.02 mm) were first filled with beads in deionized water prior to setting the filled tubes in an agarose matrix.
n2:mentions: n3:20494290

Subject Item: _:vb47506599
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rdf:value: Each recipient animal received tumor implantation in the left lobe of the liver as detailed in previous publication >>25<<. The tumors were allowed to grow in the livers for 2 weeks, after which time a well demarcated solitary tumor was expected to grow to a size of about 2.0 cm in diameter 26.
n2:mentions: n3:16638866

Subject Item: _:vb47506600
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rdf:value: The tumors were allowed to grow in the livers for 2 weeks, after which time a well demarcated solitary tumor was expected to grow to a size of about 2.0 cm in diameter >>26<<.
n2:mentions: n3:12124317

Subject Item: _:vb47506601
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: The procedure was performed as previously reported >>25<<, 26. Briefly, surgical cut down was done on pre-anesthetized rabbits (isoflurane 1.5-3%) to gain access into the common femoral artery followed by the placement of a 3-Fr vascular sheath (Cook, Inc., Bloomington, IN).
n2:mentions: n3:16638866

Subject Item: _:vb47506602
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: The procedure was performed as previously reported 25, >>26<<. Briefly, surgical cut down was done on pre-anesthetized rabbits (isoflurane 1.5-3%) to gain access into the common femoral artery followed by the placement of a 3-Fr vascular sheath (Cook, Inc., Bloomington, IN).
n2:mentions: n3:12124317

Subject Item: _:vb47506603
rdf:type: n6:Section
dc:title: results
n6:contains: _:vb47506604

Subject Item: _:vb47506604
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rdf:value: LC Bead has high EWC (96%) and a density of ~1.05 g/cc >>27<<. In comparison, the covalent attachment of triiodobenzyl moieties to RO Beads confers a more hydrophobic and dense bead structure, resulting in a density of 1.21-1.36 g/cc, EWC of 60-72% and ~100-fold greater elastic compression modulus
n2:mentions: n3:17483878

Subject Item: _:vb47506605
rdf:type: n6:Section
dc:title: discussion
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Subject Item: _:vb47506606
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: beads relies on indirect signs compared to conventional Lipiodol-based TACE, in which the treatment delivery is readily visible due to the inherent radiopacity of the drug delivery vehicle itself (the iodinated poppy-seed oil) >>2<<, 28. Indeed, the exact distribution of radiolucent beads currently used to treat liver tumors is unknown and the assessment of treatment is based on the visualization of retained soluble contrast in the target tissue area and/or lack of
n2:mentions: n3:21602502

Subject Item: _:vb47506607
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: beads relies on indirect signs compared to conventional Lipiodol-based TACE, in which the treatment delivery is readily visible due to the inherent radiopacity of the drug delivery vehicle itself (the iodinated poppy-seed oil) 2, >>28<<. Indeed, the exact distribution of radiolucent beads currently used to treat liver tumors is unknown and the assessment of treatment is based on the visualization of retained soluble contrast in the target tissue area and/or lack of
n2:mentions: n3:23362094

Subject Item: _:vb47506608
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: to treat liver tumors is unknown and the assessment of treatment is based on the visualization of retained soluble contrast in the target tissue area and/or lack of contrast enhancement after treatment of previously enhancing lesions >>3<<-6. These intra-procedural image-based signs are temporary and vanish quickly as soluble contrast medium washes out.
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Subject Item: _:vb47506609
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: ease of delivery during an embolization procedure as beads that rapidly settle in the delivery syringe are not channeled into the catheter at a uniform rate, leading to unpredictable and problematic delivery including proximal occlusion >>29<<.
n2:mentions: n3:9140745

Subject Item: _:vb47506610
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: composed of deformable hydrogels are often designed to temporarily deform in a catheter and re-expand upon release into the artery in order to aid in delivery when the inner diameter of the catheter is smaller than the bead diameter >>27<<. The lower EWC of RO Beads inferred a more collapsed hydrogel network leading to a ~100-fold greater elastic compression modulus than LC Bead.
n2:mentions: n3:17483878

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