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Statements

Subject Item: n3:27226173
rdf:type: n2:CitationPaper n2:RelevantPaper n2:ReferencePaper
rdfs:seeAlso: n8:10.1007%2Fs10661-016-5377-1 n9:0 n10:0 n11:27226173
bibo:cites: n3:16669575 n3:18288318 n3:18843543 n3:17385053 n3:9232021 n3:17822083 n3:22209254 n3:15337346 n3:19347593 n3:25318420 n3:18587658 n3:21559919 n3:20937547 n3:19680759 n3:12322741 n3:10535115
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n2:pmcid: PMC0
bibo:doi: 10.1007%2Fs10661-016-5377-1
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Subject Item: _:vb52004088
rdf:type: n4:Section
dc:title: introduction
n4:contains: _:vb52004092 _:vb52004093 _:vb52004094 _:vb52004095 _:vb52004089 _:vb52004090 _:vb52004091 _:vb52004100 _:vb52004101 _:vb52004102 _:vb52004103 _:vb52004096 _:vb52004097 _:vb52004098 _:vb52004099 _:vb52004108 _:vb52004109 _:vb52004104 _:vb52004105 _:vb52004106 _:vb52004107

Subject Item: _:vb52004089
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Recently, Gunawardana et al. (>>2012<<) have shown that road dust primarily consisted of soil-derived minerals (60 %), where 40–50 % of the soil-derived minerals were quartz.
n2:mentions: n3:22209254

Subject Item: _:vb52004090
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Detailed analyses of tire wear dust have previously been conducted by Fukuzaki et al. (1986), Fauser et al. (1999), Adachia and Tainoshob (>>2004<<), Schauer et al. (2006), and Hjortenkrans et al. (2007).
n2:mentions: n3:15337346

Subject Item: _:vb52004091
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Detailed analyses of tire wear dust have previously been conducted by Fukuzaki et al. (1986), Fauser et al. (1999), Adachia and Tainoshob (2004), Schauer et al. (>>2006<<), and Hjortenkrans et al. (2007).
n2:mentions: n3:16669575

Subject Item: _:vb52004092
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Detailed analyses of tire wear dust have previously been conducted by Fukuzaki et al. (1986), Fauser et al. (1999), Adachia and Tainoshob (2004), Schauer et al. (2006), and Hjortenkrans et al. (>>2007<<). These studies confirmed that significant amounts of Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, and Pb were associated with dust from tire wear. Zn was the most abundant heavy metal from tire wear. Its high concentrations resulted from the addition
n2:mentions: n3:17822083

Subject Item: _:vb52004093
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: According to Ozaki et al. (2004), tires contain approximately 1.3–1.7 % Zn, but Smolders and Degryse (>>2002<<) have reported that tires contained between 0.4 and 4.3 % Zn.
n2:mentions: n3:12322741

Subject Item: _:vb52004094
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Other studies have attempted to estimate emissions from tire wear and reported the emissions to range between 16 and 90 mg/tire/km (Baekken 1993; Lee et al. >>1997<<; Legret and Pagotto 1999).
n2:mentions: n3:9232021

Subject Item: _:vb52004095
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Other studies have attempted to estimate emissions from tire wear and reported the emissions to range between 16 and 90 mg/tire/km (Baekken 1993; Lee et al. 1997; Legret and Pagotto >>1999<<). The average mass of a new car tire is approximately 8 kg, and during its lifetime, it loses up to 1.5 kg. This means that within 3 years, 10–20 % of rubber enters the environment due to abrasion. The greatest wear occurs during
n2:mentions: n3:10535115

Subject Item: _:vb52004096
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: It should be noted that more tire abrasion occurs when a vehicle drives on a concrete motorway compared with an asphalt surface (Duong and Lee >>2011<<). Driving on concrete surfaces also requires higher energy use, which results in higher fuel consumption. Higher hydrocarbon concentrations and lower heavy metal concentrations were reported from driving on asphalt. Heavy metal
n2:mentions: n3:20937547

Subject Item: _:vb52004097
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Duong and Lee (>>2011<<) compared dust from roads, where the average speed ranged from 80 to 90 km/h with roads where the average speed ranged from 70 to 80 km/h.
n2:mentions: n3:20937547

Subject Item: _:vb52004098
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: According to Duong and Lee (>>2011<<), the concentrations of heavy metals in road dust vary significantly depending on traffic and road features such as roundabouts, motorway roads, and traffic lights.
n2:mentions: n3:20937547

Subject Item: _:vb52004099
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: The concentrations of metals in road dust from motorways are approximately twice those found near roundabouts and downtown areas (Duong and Lee >>2011<<). The influence of different pavement surfaces on environmental heavy metal pollution has recently been investigated by Murphy et al. (2015).
n2:mentions: n3:20937547

Subject Item: _:vb52004100
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Adachia and Tainoshob (>>2004<<) and Hjortenkrans et al. (2007) have reported that brake dust mainly contained not only Fe, but also significant amounts of Cu, Sb, Ba, Al, Si, S, Ti, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Pb and a small amount of Cd.
n2:mentions: n3:15337346

Subject Item: _:vb52004101
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Adachia and Tainoshob (2004) and Hjortenkrans et al. (>>2007<<) have reported that brake dust mainly contained not only Fe, but also significant amounts of Cu, Sb, Ba, Al, Si, S, Ti, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Pb and a small amount of Cd.
n2:mentions: n3:17822083

Subject Item: _:vb52004102
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Exhaust emissions and their role in air quality are widely recognized (Kittelson 1998; Burtscher 2005; Maricq 2007; Ali and Athar >>2008<<; Beelen et al. 2008; Biswas et al. 2009; Walsh 2011).
n2:mentions: n3:17385053

Subject Item: _:vb52004103
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Exhaust emissions and their role in air quality are widely recognized (Kittelson 1998; Burtscher 2005; Maricq 2007; Ali and Athar 2008; Beelen et al. >>2008<<; Biswas et al. 2009; Walsh 2011). The automotive industry has been forced to implement pollution reduction mechanisms since the European Commission established set of European guidelines about light-duty vehicles and vehicles >3.5 t.
n2:mentions: n3:18288318

Subject Item: _:vb52004104
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Previous studies on non-exhaust emissions are insufficient because most of them have only focused on determining metal concentrations in bulk road dust samples (Kabadayi and Cesur >>2010<<; Guney et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2012).
n2:mentions: n3:19680759

Subject Item: _:vb52004105
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Previous studies on non-exhaust emissions are insufficient because most of them have only focused on determining metal concentrations in bulk road dust samples (Kabadayi and Cesur 2010; Guney et al. >>2010<<; Chen et al. 2012).
n2:mentions: n3:19347593

Subject Item: _:vb52004106
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Previous studies on non-exhaust emissions are insufficient because most of them have only focused on determining metal concentrations in bulk road dust samples (Kabadayi and Cesur 2010; Guney et al. 2010; Chen et al. >>2012<<). Only few studies have focused on the particle size distribution of road dust (e.g., Ewen et al. 2009; Grigoratos and Martini 2015; Vu et al. 2015), and Dongarrà et al. (2009) attempted to analyze brake dust in air particulate matter
n2:mentions: n3:21559919

Subject Item: _:vb52004107
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Only few studies have focused on the particle size distribution of road dust (e.g., Ewen et al. >>2009<<; Grigoratos and Martini 2015; Vu et al. 2015), and Dongarrà et al. (2009) attempted to analyze brake dust in air particulate matter pollution.
n2:mentions: n3:18843543

Subject Item: _:vb52004108
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Only few studies have focused on the particle size distribution of road dust (e.g., Ewen et al. 2009; Grigoratos and Martini >>2015<<; Vu et al. 2015), and Dongarrà et al. (2009) attempted to analyze brake dust in air particulate matter pollution.
n2:mentions: n3:25318420

Subject Item: _:vb52004109
rdf:type: n2:Context
rdf:value: Only few studies have focused on the particle size distribution of road dust (e.g., Ewen et al. 2009; Grigoratos and Martini 2015; Vu et al. 2015), and Dongarrà et al. (>>2009<<) attempted to analyze brake dust in air particulate matter pollution.
n2:mentions: n3:18587658

Subject Item: _:vb52004110
rdf:type: n4:Section
dc:title: conclusions
n4:contains: _:vb52004111

Subject Item: _:vb52004111
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rdf:value: This conclusion is in line with the findings of Gunawardana et al. (>>2012<<), who stated that even though individual ZnO particles are, on average, no bigger than 65 μm, in reality, they form agglomerates 1000–2000 μm in diameter.
n2:mentions: n3:22209254

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