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Statements

Subject Item: n2:19095670
rdf:type: n5:CitationPaper n5:RelevantPaper n5:ReferencePaper
rdfs:seeAlso: n4:10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fden437 n9:0 n10:19095670 n11:0
bibo:cites: n2:12525444 n2:9647550 n2:9647549 n2:15639075 n2:9872360 n2:186624 n2:17531624 n2:10601104 n2:6849115 n2:17261813 n2:15734760 n2:11574499 n2:2805794 n2:17244756 n2:10875858 n2:17890724 n2:10361627 n2:11044464 n2:8976884 n2:15284801 n2:16325240 n2:15451340 n2:17921480 n2:11041224 n2:11041232 n2:648942 n2:8982759 n2:12567395
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n5:hasRelevantBibliographicResourceOf: _:vb393014784
n5:pmcid: PMC0
bibo:doi: 10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fden437
n7:contains: _:vb4508930 _:vb4508908 _:vb4508927

Subject Item: _:vb4508908
rdf:type: n7:Section
dc:title: introduction
n7:contains: _:vb4508916 _:vb4508917 _:vb4508918 _:vb4508919 _:vb4508912 _:vb4508913 _:vb4508914 _:vb4508915 _:vb4508924 _:vb4508925 _:vb4508926 _:vb4508920 _:vb4508921 _:vb4508922 _:vb4508923 _:vb4508909 _:vb4508910 _:vb4508911

Subject Item: _:vb4508909
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Irregular bleeding is the most common reason for discontinuation of progestin-only contraception (Findlay, >>1996<<; Hickey et al., 1999).
n5:mentions: n2:8982759

Subject Item: _:vb4508910
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Irregular bleeding is the most common reason for discontinuation of progestin-only contraception (Findlay, 1996; Hickey et al., >>1999<<). LNG delivered locally by the LNG-IUS is known to alter the morphology and function of endometrium (Critchley et al., 1998a). Morphological changes include pseudodecidualization in the stromal compartment associated with leukocytes
n5:mentions: n2:10361627

Subject Item: _:vb4508911
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: LNG delivered locally by the LNG-IUS is known to alter the morphology and function of endometrium (Critchley et al., 1998a). Morphological changes include pseudodecidualization in the stromal compartment associated with leukocytes infiltration, atrophy of glandular and surface epithelium, and alterations in the vasculature (Jones and Critchley, 2000). These
n5:mentions: n2:9647550

Subject Item: _:vb4508912
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Morphological changes include pseudodecidualization in the stromal compartment associated with leukocytes infiltration, atrophy of glandular and surface epithelium, and alterations in the vasculature (Jones and Critchley, >>2000<<). These latter morphological modifications include dilatation and changes in shape, basement membrane components and pericyte support (Hickey et al., 2000; Hickey and Fraser, 2003). Furthermore, an increase in blood vessel number, size
n5:mentions: n2:11041232

Subject Item: _:vb4508913
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: These latter morphological modifications include dilatation and changes in shape, basement membrane components and pericyte support (Hickey et al., >>2000<<; Hickey and Fraser, 2003).
n5:mentions: n2:10875858

Subject Item: _:vb4508914
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: These latter morphological modifications include dilatation and changes in shape, basement membrane components and pericyte support (Hickey et al., 2000; Hickey and Fraser, >>2003<<). Furthermore, an increase in blood vessel number, size and density associated with a decrease in the pericyte coating have been shown after short-term exposure to LNG-IUS (Stephanie et al., 2007)) and hypothesized to contribute to
n5:mentions: n2:12567395

Subject Item: _:vb4508915
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Furthermore, an increase in blood vessel number, size and density associated with a decrease in the pericyte coating have been shown after short-term exposure to LNG-IUS (Stephanie et al., >>2007<<)) and hypothesized to contribute to vascular fragility and BTB (Hickey et al., 2000; Rogers et al., 2000; Jondet et al., 2005).
n5:mentions: n2:17921480

Subject Item: _:vb4508916
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: number, size and density associated with a decrease in the pericyte coating have been shown after short-term exposure to LNG-IUS (Stephanie et al., 2007)) and hypothesized to contribute to vascular fragility and BTB (Hickey et al., >>2000<<; Rogers et al., 2000; Jondet et al., 2005). Functional alterations include down-regulation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors as well as cell proliferation (Critchley et al., 1998b; Salmi et al., 1998).
n5:mentions: n2:10875858

Subject Item: _:vb4508917
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: associated with a decrease in the pericyte coating have been shown after short-term exposure to LNG-IUS (Stephanie et al., 2007)) and hypothesized to contribute to vascular fragility and BTB (Hickey et al., 2000; Rogers et al., >>2000<<; Jondet et al., 2005). Functional alterations include down-regulation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors as well as cell proliferation (Critchley et al., 1998b; Salmi et al., 1998).
n5:mentions: n2:11041224

Subject Item: _:vb4508918
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: a decrease in the pericyte coating have been shown after short-term exposure to LNG-IUS (Stephanie et al., 2007)) and hypothesized to contribute to vascular fragility and BTB (Hickey et al., 2000; Rogers et al., 2000; Jondet et al., >>2005<<). Functional alterations include down-regulation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors as well as cell proliferation (Critchley et al., 1998b; Salmi et al., 1998).
n5:mentions: n2:15639075

Subject Item: _:vb4508919
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Functional alterations include down-regulation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors as well as cell proliferation (Critchley et al., 1998b; Salmi et al., 1998).
n5:mentions: n2:9647549

Subject Item: _:vb4508920
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Functional alterations include down-regulation of oestrogen and progesterone receptors as well as cell proliferation (Critchley et al., 1998b; Salmi et al., >>1998<<). This alteration in sex steroid receptor expression may affect endometrial cytokine release (Jones and Critchley, 2000). The paracrine mechanisms implicated in bleeding after intrauterine LNG delivery remain to be elucidated.
n5:mentions: n2:9872360

Subject Item: _:vb4508921
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: This alteration in sex steroid receptor expression may affect endometrial cytokine release (Jones and Critchley, >>2000<<). The paracrine mechanisms implicated in bleeding after intrauterine LNG delivery remain to be elucidated.
n5:mentions: n2:11041232

Subject Item: _:vb4508922
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: purpose, severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID) were used as they are characterized by a combined congenital deficiency in T and B lymphocyte function and therefore successfully host various heterotransplants (Phillips et al., >>1989<<). Previous studies have described the success of human tissue grafts which retain their morphological and biochemical characteristics after transplantation in different mice strains (Shimosato et al., 1976; Kim et al., 1978; Satyaswaroop
n5:mentions: n2:2805794

Subject Item: _:vb4508923
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Previous studies have described the success of human tissue grafts which retain their morphological and biochemical characteristics after transplantation in different mice strains (Shimosato et al., >>1976<<; Kim et al., 1978; Satyaswaroop et al., 1983; Awwad et al., 1999).
n5:mentions: n2:186624

Subject Item: _:vb4508924
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Previous studies have described the success of human tissue grafts which retain their morphological and biochemical characteristics after transplantation in different mice strains (Shimosato et al., 1976; Kim et al., >>1978<<; Satyaswaroop et al., 1983; Awwad et al., 1999).
n5:mentions: n2:648942

Subject Item: _:vb4508925
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: studies have described the success of human tissue grafts which retain their morphological and biochemical characteristics after transplantation in different mice strains (Shimosato et al., 1976; Kim et al., 1978; Satyaswaroop et al., >>1983<<; Awwad et al., 1999).
n5:mentions: n2:6849115

Subject Item: _:vb4508926
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: the success of human tissue grafts which retain their morphological and biochemical characteristics after transplantation in different mice strains (Shimosato et al., 1976; Kim et al., 1978; Satyaswaroop et al., 1983; Awwad et al., >>1999<<).
n5:mentions: n2:10601104

Subject Item: _:vb4508927
rdf:type: n7:Section
dc:title: materials and methods
n7:contains: _:vb4508928 _:vb4508929

Subject Item: _:vb4508928
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: The immunostaining intensity of receptors (PRA, PRB, ERα) and the distribution of specific staining were assessed in a semi-quantitative manner by an HS-score (Huang et al., >>1996<<; Vereide et al., 2006). The HS-score has been evaluated as follows: HS = ∑ (Pi × i)/100, where Pi denotes the percentage of stained cells and i denotes the intensity of the staining ranging from 0 to 3.
n5:mentions: n2:8976884

Subject Item: _:vb4508929
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: The immunostaining intensity of receptors (PRA, PRB, ERα) and the distribution of specific staining were assessed in a semi-quantitative manner by an HS-score (Huang et al., 1996; Vereide et al., >>2006<<). The HS-score has been evaluated as follows: HS = ∑ (Pi × i)/100, where Pi denotes the percentage of stained cells and i denotes the intensity of the staining ranging from 0 to 3.
n5:mentions: n2:16325240

Subject Item: _:vb4508930
rdf:type: n7:Section
dc:title: discussion
n7:contains: _:vb4508940 _:vb4508941 _:vb4508942 _:vb4508943 _:vb4508936 _:vb4508937 _:vb4508938 _:vb4508939 _:vb4508932 _:vb4508933 _:vb4508934 _:vb4508935 _:vb4508931 _:vb4508944 _:vb4508945 _:vb4508946

Subject Item: _:vb4508931
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: of LNG induces profound morphological and functional effects on the endometrium, such as extensive decidualization of stromal cells and atrophy of glandular epithelium associated with altered vascular morphology (Maruo et al., >>2001<<). Down-regulation of ER and PR has also been observed in all cellular components of the endometrium (Critchley et al., 1998b; Guttinger and Critchley, 2007).
n5:mentions: n2:11574499

Subject Item: _:vb4508932
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Down-regulation of ER and PR has also been observed in all cellular components of the endometrium (Critchley et al., 1998b; Guttinger and Critchley, 2007).
n5:mentions: n2:9647549

Subject Item: _:vb4508933
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Down-regulation of ER and PR has also been observed in all cellular components of the endometrium (Critchley et al., 1998b; Guttinger and Critchley, >>2007<<).
n5:mentions: n2:17531624

Subject Item: _:vb4508934
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: One study used a three-dimensional endometrial stromal and epithelial cell co-culture to evaluate the effects of antiprogestin and LNG on the blastocyst implantation (Lalitkumar et al., >>2007<<; Meng et al., 2008).
n5:mentions: n2:17890724

Subject Item: _:vb4508935
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Some researchers analysed the effect of LNG on autologous mouse endometrium in C57BL/6J mice (Girling et al., >>2004<<; Morison et al., 2007).
n5:mentions: n2:15451340

Subject Item: _:vb4508936
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Some researchers analysed the effect of LNG on autologous mouse endometrium in C57BL/6J mice (Girling et al., 2004; Morison et al., >>2007<<). However, since phylogenetic differences between species limit our understanding of the diseases in human (in this case, side effects associated with the use of local endometrial LNG), investigating the effects of LNG on human
n5:mentions: n2:17244756

Subject Item: _:vb4508937
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Other researchers transplanted human endometrial tissue into RAG-2/γ(c) mice lacking lymphocytes T and B, as well as NK cells (Greenberg and Slayden, >>2004<<) or into NOD/SCID/γcnull mice, which are also defective in cytokine production (Matsuura-Sawada et al., 2005; Masuda et al., 2007).
n5:mentions: n2:15284801

Subject Item: _:vb4508938
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: human endometrial tissue into RAG-2/γ(c) mice lacking lymphocytes T and B, as well as NK cells (Greenberg and Slayden, 2004) or into NOD/SCID/γcnull mice, which are also defective in cytokine production (Matsuura-Sawada et al., >>2005<<; Masuda et al., 2007). In the study of Greenberg, the RAG-2/γ(c) mice were used to avoid graft rejection in long-term studies.
n5:mentions: n2:15734760

Subject Item: _:vb4508939
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: tissue into RAG-2/γ(c) mice lacking lymphocytes T and B, as well as NK cells (Greenberg and Slayden, 2004) or into NOD/SCID/γcnull mice, which are also defective in cytokine production (Matsuura-Sawada et al., 2005; Masuda et al., >>2007<<). In the study of Greenberg, the RAG-2/γ(c) mice were used to avoid graft rejection in long-term studies.
n5:mentions: n2:17261813

Subject Item: _:vb4508940
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: In the LNG group, cellular proliferation at 4 weeks was reduced in glandular cells as previously described in women (Salmi et al., >>1998<<; Hurskainen et al., 2000; Maruo et al., 2001). Hurskainen et al. and Maruo et al. described a fall in stromal cell proliferation by evaluating endometrial proliferation 3–12 months after LNG-IUS insertion.
n5:mentions: n2:9872360

Subject Item: _:vb4508941
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: In the LNG group, cellular proliferation at 4 weeks was reduced in glandular cells as previously described in women (Salmi et al., 1998; Hurskainen et al., >>2000<<; Maruo et al., 2001). Hurskainen et al. and Maruo et al. described a fall in stromal cell proliferation by evaluating endometrial proliferation 3–12 months after LNG-IUS insertion.
n5:mentions: n2:11044464

Subject Item: _:vb4508942
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: In the LNG group, cellular proliferation at 4 weeks was reduced in glandular cells as previously described in women (Salmi et al., 1998; Hurskainen et al., 2000; Maruo et al., >>2001<<). Hurskainen et al. and Maruo et al. described a fall in stromal cell proliferation by evaluating endometrial proliferation 3–12 months after LNG-IUS insertion.
n5:mentions: n2:11574499

Subject Item: _:vb4508943
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: This down-regulation confirmed what we observed in eutopic endometrium treated with LNG-IUS and was in good agreement with previously published data (Critchley et al., 1998b).
n5:mentions: n2:9647549

Subject Item: _:vb4508944
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: These data support the work of Jondet et al. (>>2005<<) and McGavigan et al. (2003).
n5:mentions: n2:15639075

Subject Item: _:vb4508945
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: These data support the work of Jondet et al. (2005) and McGavigan et al. (>>2003<<). Jondet et al. deducted from their experiments and from additional observations of clinical data that LNG has a dose-dependent action on the number and dilatation of the blood vessels: the higher the plasmatic concentration, the lower
n5:mentions: n2:12525444

Subject Item: _:vb4508946
rdf:type: n5:Context
rdf:value: Finally, the morphological changes observed in the endometrial vasculature induced by a treatment of 4 weeks with LNG were similar to those published by Stephanie et al. (>>2007<<).
n5:mentions: n2:17921480

Subject Item: _:vb393014784
rdf:type: n5:RelevantBibliographicResource
n5:RelevantScore: 2
n5:hasRelevantPaperId: n2:8283441