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n3:pmcid
PMC0
bibo:doi
10.1007%2Fs00259-010-1700-1
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introduction
n5:contains
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Activation of EGFR causes signalling that may lead to cell division, increased motility, angiogenesis and suppression of apoptosis [>>1<<]. EGFR over-expression or constitutive activation has been shown to be associated with poor survival and recurrences in many human malignancies [2]. Detection of EGFR expression via nuclear medicine visualization may provide advantages
n3:mentions
n2:11252954
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_:vb9760183
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EGFR over-expression or constitutive activation has been shown to be associated with poor survival and recurrences in many human malignancies [>>2<<]. Detection of EGFR expression via nuclear medicine visualization may provide advantages over immunohistochemical staining of tumour biopsies, since evaluation of both the primary tumour as well as the metastases can be achieved. In
n3:mentions
n2:20130423
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several studies with intact anti-EGFR (αEGFR) mAbs or mAb fragments labelled with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (111In, 99mTc) or positron emission tomography (PET) (64Cu, 89Zr) radionuclides have been reported [>>3<<–9].
n3:mentions
n2:17262214 n2:19525473 n2:18454685 n2:12464779 n2:15471833 n2:8306274 n2:19091906
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Nanobody technology provides new perspectives for mono- as well as multitarget tumour detection and therapy [>>10<<–12]. Nanobodies are derived from a unique antibody format that is present in species from the family of Camelidae, including llama, camel and dromedary.
n3:mentions
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These animals contain, besides their conventional antibody repertoire, an antibody class consisting of heavy chains only [>>10<<, 13]. The variable region of the heavy-chain-only antibodies (VHH) represents the complete binding unit of the antibody. Because of the small size of these VHH fragments (∼15 kDa), this binding unit is also called Nanobody®. Although
n3:mentions
n2:17694445
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_:vb9760187
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These animals contain, besides their conventional antibody repertoire, an antibody class consisting of heavy chains only [10, >>13<<]. The variable region of the heavy-chain-only antibodies (VHH) represents the complete binding unit of the antibody. Because of the small size of these VHH fragments (∼15 kDa), this binding unit is also called Nanobody®. Although being
n3:mentions
n2:8502296
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domain character, standard molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allow for the facile purification and selection of appropriate Nanobody candidates from the full antibody repertoire of immunized animals [>>14<<]. Unique features of the Nanobody technology platform in comparison to conventional mAb technology are easy and rapid drug development, and the easy and cheap production in bacteria and yeast [10, 15].
n3:mentions
n2:16738850
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Unique features of the Nanobody technology platform in comparison to conventional mAb technology are easy and rapid drug development, and the easy and cheap production in bacteria and yeast [>>10<<, 15].
n3:mentions
n2:17694445
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Unique features of the Nanobody technology platform in comparison to conventional mAb technology are easy and rapid drug development, and the easy and cheap production in bacteria and yeast [10, >>15<<].
n3:mentions
n2:11053416
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For a proof of concept we used the Nanobody technology platform to construct two αEGFR Nanobodies [>>11<<]. The biodistribution of a 177Lu-labelled bivalent αEGFR Nanobody (αEGFR-αEGFR) in A431 tumour-bearing nude mice showed a tumour uptake of 5.0 ± 1.4 percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) at 6 h after injection and
n3:mentions
n2:18723476
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The only clinically used BFC for 68Ga is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N′″-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), but fast complex formation requires a high temperature [>>16<<–19]. More recently, several new chelates have been described for labelling of 68Ga to heat-labile proteins at ambient temperature including 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and
n3:mentions
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described for labelling of 68Ga to heat-labile proteins at ambient temperature including 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and N,N′-bis[2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (HBED-CC) [>>19<<–21]. However, this new generation of BFCs is not yet available for clinical immuno-PET applications.
n3:mentions
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For coupling of the long-lived positron emitter 89Zr (T ½ = 78.4 h, Eβ+max 0.9 MeV) (23%) to intact mAbs, we recently introduced the novel BFC p-isothiocyanatobenzyl derivative of desferrioxamine B (Df-Bz-NCS) [>>22<<, 23]. The choice of desferrioxamine B is attractive because it has been used safely in the clinical setting for many years.
n3:mentions
n2:19763566
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For coupling of the long-lived positron emitter 89Zr (T ½ = 78.4 h, Eβ+max 0.9 MeV) (23%) to intact mAbs, we recently introduced the novel BFC p-isothiocyanatobenzyl derivative of desferrioxamine B (Df-Bz-NCS) [22, >>23<<]. The choice of desferrioxamine B is attractive because it has been used safely in the clinical setting for many years.
n3:mentions
n2:20360768
Subject Item
_:vb9760196
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Since the hydroxamate function in desferrioxamine B has also been used for coupling of 67Ga in the past [>>24<<–27], we investigated whether this same Df-Bz-NCS can be used for labelling of 68Ga under mild conditions.
n3:mentions
n2:8295005 n2:15982582 n2:18383558 n2:2022990
Subject Item
_:vb9760197
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n5:Section
dc:title
materials and methods
n5:contains
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Nanobody 7D12 was generated by Ablynx NV (Ghent, Belgium) as described previously [>>14<<] and kindly provided to us.
n3:mentions
n2:16738850
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The selection, production and characterization of chimeric mAb U36 (cmAb U36 11.53 mg/ml) directed against CD44v6 has been described elsewhere [>>28<<]. The human epidermoid cervical carcinoma cell line A431 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (www.atcc.com), ATCC number: CRL-1555. The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line UM-SCC-11B was obtained
n3:mentions
n2:8364934
Subject Item
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T.E. Carey (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) [>>29<<]. 68Ga was obtained from a commercial 68Ge/68Ga generator based on a TiO2 bedding with 1.85 GBq 68Ge-loaded activity (IGG100; Eckert & Ziegler, Berlin, Germany).
n3:mentions
n2:9139877
Subject Item
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The 68Ga was eluted from the 68Ge/68Ga generator as described by Velikyan et al. [>>16<<]. In short, the generator was eluted according to the manufacturer’s protocol with 3.5 ml ultra pure 0.1 M HCl solution.
n3:mentions
n2:15149183
Subject Item
_:vb9760202
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cmAb U36 was premodified with Df-Bz-NCS as described by Perk et al. [>>22<<] (Fig. 1).
n3:mentions
n2:19763566
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_:vb9760203
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After PD-10 column purification the premodified 7D12 was labelled with 89Zr as described by Perk et al. [>>22<<]. In short, Df-Bz-NCS-7D12 (100–1,000 μg) was labelled with 89Zr (37 MBq) in 0.25 M HEPES buffer pH 7.0 at room temperature in a total volume of 2 ml. The 89Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-7D12 was purified by PD-10 column using 0.25 M NaOAc with 5 mg ml−1
n3:mentions
n2:19763566
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determined by measuring the binding of the 68/67Ga-7D12 or 68/67Ga-cmAb U36 to a serial dilution of 2% paraformaldehyde fixed A431 cells or 0.2% glutaraldehyde fixed 11B cells, respectively, essentially as described by Lindmo et al. [>>30<<].
n3:mentions
n2:6086763
Subject Item
_:vb9760205
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
PET imaging was performed on a HRRT PET scanner (Siemens/CTI [>>31<<]), a dedicated human brain scanner. Three A431 xenograft-bearing mice were anaesthetized by inhalation of 2% isoflurane, injected with 5 MBq 68Ga-Df-Bz-NCS-7D12 (85 μg) via the retro-orbital plexus and scanned for 3 h.
n3:mentions
n2:17301468
Subject Item
_:vb9760206
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For visualization of the images, the freely available Amide’s A Medical Imaging Data Examiner (AMIDE) program was used [>>32<<].
n3:mentions
n2:14649056
Subject Item
_:vb9760207
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n5:Section
dc:title
discussion
n5:contains
_:vb9760216 _:vb9760217 _:vb9760218 _:vb9760219 _:vb9760220 _:vb9760221 _:vb9760222 _:vb9760223 _:vb9760208 _:vb9760209 _:vb9760210 _:vb9760211 _:vb9760212 _:vb9760213 _:vb9760214 _:vb9760215 _:vb9760240 _:vb9760241 _:vb9760232 _:vb9760233 _:vb9760234 _:vb9760235 _:vb9760236 _:vb9760237 _:vb9760238 _:vb9760239 _:vb9760224 _:vb9760225 _:vb9760226 _:vb9760227 _:vb9760228 _:vb9760229 _:vb9760230 _:vb9760231
Subject Item
_:vb9760208
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In this study, we describe a method for labelling of αEFGR Nanobody 7D12 with 68Ga using the novel bifunctional desferal chelate (Df-Bz-NCS) which was previously introduced for the coupling of 89Zr to intact mAbs [>>22<<, 23]. Using this method, stable 68Ga-7D12 radioimmunoconjugates were produced as demonstrated by stability testing in storage buffer as well as in human serum with only slightly less stability as compared with the reference compound
n3:mentions
n2:19763566
Subject Item
_:vb9760209
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
In this study, we describe a method for labelling of αEFGR Nanobody 7D12 with 68Ga using the novel bifunctional desferal chelate (Df-Bz-NCS) which was previously introduced for the coupling of 89Zr to intact mAbs [22, >>23<<]. Using this method, stable 68Ga-7D12 radioimmunoconjugates were produced as demonstrated by stability testing in storage buffer as well as in human serum with only slightly less stability as compared with the reference compound
n3:mentions
n2:20360768
Subject Item
_:vb9760210
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
89Zr-Df antibodies have been extensively evaluated in clinical immuno-PET studies [>>33<<].
n3:mentions
n2:20707716
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_:vb9760211
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and concentration of 68Ga by use of an anion exchange column, to further minimize the amounts of Al, Fe and Zr, to get rid of contaminating metals originating from the generator and to keep [68GaCl4−] volumes for labelling small [>>16<<, 34], (3) the addition of a highly concentrated NH4OAc solution to the [68GaCl4−] solution for efficient radiolabelling and stable complex formation (avoidance of the formation of gallium-oxo-chloro intermediates), (4) the use of a
n3:mentions
n2:15149183
Subject Item
_:vb9760212
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
and concentration of 68Ga by use of an anion exchange column, to further minimize the amounts of Al, Fe and Zr, to get rid of contaminating metals originating from the generator and to keep [68GaCl4−] volumes for labelling small [16, >>34<<], (3) the addition of a highly concentrated NH4OAc solution to the [68GaCl4−] solution for efficient radiolabelling and stable complex formation (avoidance of the formation of gallium-oxo-chloro intermediates), (4) the use of a
n3:mentions
n2:20117009
Subject Item
_:vb9760213
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
and stable complex formation (avoidance of the formation of gallium-oxo-chloro intermediates), (4) the use of a commercially available desferrioxamine B chelate that has been applied safely in the clinical setting for many years [>>23<<], (5) radiolabelling at room temperature within a relatively wide pH range of 5.0–6.5 and (6) the use of 0.25 M NaOAc with 5 mg ml−1 gentisic acid, pH 5.5 for protection during storage of the purified 68Ga-labelled conjugate.
n3:mentions
n2:20360768
Subject Item
_:vb9760214
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The only chelate that has been used for 68Ga labelling of mAbs or mAb-like molecules for clinical purposes is DOTA [>>35<<]. With DOTA the best labelling kinetics were obtained in sodium acetate buffers at low pH [36].
n3:mentions
n2:20484419
Subject Item
_:vb9760215
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n3:Context
rdf:value
With DOTA the best labelling kinetics were obtained in sodium acetate buffers at low pH [>>36<<]. Tolmachev et al. evaluated the 68Ga labelling kinetics of the DOTA-containing anti-HER2 Affibody ABY-002. Labelling at room temperature for 5 min appeared inefficient (decay-corrected yield of less than 5%). Only after elevation of the
n3:mentions
n2:20153401
Subject Item
_:vb9760216
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binding and pharmacokinetic characteristics of this particular Affibody did not become affected upon labelling, but it is open to question whether other proteins can resist the harsh labelling conditions of low pH and high temperature [>>35<<, 37]. The same is true for microwave heating that has been used for labelling of DOTA bioconjugates with 68Ga [16, 38].
n3:mentions
n2:20484419
Subject Item
_:vb9760217
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and pharmacokinetic characteristics of this particular Affibody did not become affected upon labelling, but it is open to question whether other proteins can resist the harsh labelling conditions of low pH and high temperature [35, >>37<<]. The same is true for microwave heating that has been used for labelling of DOTA bioconjugates with 68Ga [16, 38].
n3:mentions
n2:20130858
Subject Item
_:vb9760218
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The same is true for microwave heating that has been used for labelling of DOTA bioconjugates with 68Ga [>>16<<, 38]. In our initial studies, using DOTA-Bz-NCS, less than 60% labelling was obtained after 20 min at 45°C, while the thus obtained labelled product was unstable. We postulate that at lower temperature no full N-coordination occurs. This
n3:mentions
n2:15149183
Subject Item
_:vb9760219
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n3:Context
rdf:value
The same is true for microwave heating that has been used for labelling of DOTA bioconjugates with 68Ga [16, >>38<<]. In our initial studies, using DOTA-Bz-NCS, less than 60% labelling was obtained after 20 min at 45°C, while the thus obtained labelled product was unstable. We postulate that at lower temperature no full N-coordination occurs. This
n3:mentions
n2:16269603
Subject Item
_:vb9760220
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n3:Context
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This means that the 68Ga atom becomes ligated to the carboxyl functions of the DOTA molecule with still having water molecules in its coordination sphere instead of N, and that only concordant heating at elevated temperatures [>>37<<, 39] creates the additional N-coordination of the DOTA molecule leading to the 68Ga-DOTA complex that is suitable for in vivo applications.
n3:mentions
n2:20130858
Subject Item
_:vb9760221
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n3:Context
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This means that the 68Ga atom becomes ligated to the carboxyl functions of the DOTA molecule with still having water molecules in its coordination sphere instead of N, and that only concordant heating at elevated temperatures [37, >>39<<] creates the additional N-coordination of the DOTA molecule leading to the 68Ga-DOTA complex that is suitable for in vivo applications.
n3:mentions
n2:19690041
Subject Item
_:vb9760222
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n3:Context
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This important aspect of complex formation is fully analogous to what has been shown by us for the synthesis of the 186Re-MAG3 complex [>>40<<].
n3:mentions
n2:8229241
Subject Item
_:vb9760223
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n3:Context
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NOTA and its derivatives as well as the recently introduced HBED-CC chelates might have advantages over DOTA, since labelling with these chelates can be performed at room temperature and modest pH [>>19<<–21, 41]. These chelates, however, have not been clinically evaluated yet, and for us this was the reason to evaluate the desferrioxamine B derivative.
n3:mentions
n2:20157706 n2:20175523 n2:18509635
Subject Item
_:vb9760224
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NOTA and its derivatives as well as the recently introduced HBED-CC chelates might have advantages over DOTA, since labelling with these chelates can be performed at room temperature and modest pH [19–21, >>41<<]. These chelates, however, have not been clinically evaluated yet, and for us this was the reason to evaluate the desferrioxamine B derivative.
n3:mentions
n2:18835159
Subject Item
_:vb9760225
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The in vitro stability we found corresponds well with the earlier findings of Smith-Jones et al. [>>25<<], Fani et al. [27] and Furukawa et al. [24], but seems to be rather in contrast with the findings of Caraco et al. [42] and Govindan et al. [26].
n3:mentions
n2:8295005
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_:vb9760226
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n3:Context
rdf:value
The in vitro stability we found corresponds well with the earlier findings of Smith-Jones et al. [25], Fani et al. [>>27<<] and Furukawa et al. [24], but seems to be rather in contrast with the findings of Caraco et al. [42] and Govindan et al. [26].
n3:mentions
n2:18383558
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_:vb9760227
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n3:Context
rdf:value
The in vitro stability we found corresponds well with the earlier findings of Smith-Jones et al. [25], Fani et al. [27] and Furukawa et al. [>>24<<], but seems to be rather in contrast with the findings of Caraco et al. [42] and Govindan et al. [26].
n3:mentions
n2:2022990
Subject Item
_:vb9760228
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
The in vitro stability we found corresponds well with the earlier findings of Smith-Jones et al. [25], Fani et al. [27] and Furukawa et al. [24], but seems to be rather in contrast with the findings of Caraco et al. [>>42<<] and Govindan et al. [26].
n3:mentions
n2:9745687
Subject Item
_:vb9760229
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
vitro stability we found corresponds well with the earlier findings of Smith-Jones et al. [25], Fani et al. [27] and Furukawa et al. [24], but seems to be rather in contrast with the findings of Caraco et al. [42] and Govindan et al. [>>26<<]. We feel that this is only an apparent controversy because the conditions under which Caraco et al. produced their Ga-Df complex are completely different.
n3:mentions
n2:15982582
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_:vb9760230
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n3:Context
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With respect to the findings of Govindan et al. [>>26<<], they already suggested themselves that their findings are most probably mixed up by the fact that the linkages between their mAb and Df are intrinsically instable.
n3:mentions
n2:15982582
Subject Item
_:vb9760231
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n3:Context
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Nuclear imaging techniques have a proven advantage over immunohistological techniques since nuclear imaging is noninvasive and whole-body scans can be obtained [>>43<<]. The use of Nanobodies as imaging moiety might have advantages over the use of intact mAbs, since a molecular weight of only 15 kDa allows for faster kinetics than intact mAbs in vivo. To our knowledge, Nanobodies have never been used
n3:mentions
n2:16728630
Subject Item
_:vb9760232
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n3:Context
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Huang et al. [>>44<<] and Gainkam et al. [45] studied the same (αEGFR) Nanobody 7D12 in the same A431 xenograft model, but labelled with 99mTc for SPECT applications.
n3:mentions
n2:18297364
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_:vb9760233
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n3:Context
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Huang et al. [44] and Gainkam et al. [>>45<<] studied the same (αEGFR) Nanobody 7D12 in the same A431 xenograft model, but labelled with 99mTc for SPECT applications.
n3:mentions
n2:18413403
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_:vb9760234
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Given the superior properties of PET in comparison to SPECT for clinical quantitative imaging, these data suggest that 68Ga-7D12 is the more attractive Nanobody-based probe for assessment of EGFR expression [>>46<<, 47].
n3:mentions
n2:15653665
Subject Item
_:vb9760235
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n3:Context
rdf:value
Given the superior properties of PET in comparison to SPECT for clinical quantitative imaging, these data suggest that 68Ga-7D12 is the more attractive Nanobody-based probe for assessment of EGFR expression [46, >>47<<].
n3:mentions
n2:19837762
Subject Item
_:vb9760236
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with radiolabelled conventional intact mAbs used in other preclinical imaging studies. For example, in recent immuno-PET studies with 64Cu- and 89Zr-labelled anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab tumours could only be clearly delineated 16–24 h p.i. [>>7<<, 9, 48]. Another interesting small molecular protein was introduced for imaging of EGFR, namely the 8-kDa Affibody ZEGFR:
n3:mentions
n2:17262214
Subject Item
_:vb9760237
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
radiolabelled conventional intact mAbs used in other preclinical imaging studies. For example, in recent immuno-PET studies with 64Cu- and 89Zr-labelled anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab tumours could only be clearly delineated 16–24 h p.i. [7, >>9<<, 48]. Another interesting small molecular protein was introduced for imaging of EGFR, namely the 8-kDa Affibody ZEGFR:
n3:mentions
n2:19091906
Subject Item
_:vb9760238
rdf:type
n3:Context
rdf:value
conventional intact mAbs used in other preclinical imaging studies. For example, in recent immuno-PET studies with 64Cu- and 89Zr-labelled anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab tumours could only be clearly delineated 16–24 h p.i. [7, 9, >>48<<]. Another interesting small molecular protein was introduced for imaging of EGFR, namely the 8-kDa Affibody ZEGFR:
n3:mentions
n2:16269605
Subject Item
_:vb9760239
rdf:type
n3:Context
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Another interesting small molecular protein was introduced for imaging of EGFR, namely the 8-kDa Affibody ZEGFR:2377 [>>49<<]. PET imaging studies in A431-bearing nude mice showed higher tumour contrast when 50 μg of 111In-labelled ZEGFR:2377 was injected in comparison to 5 μg, whereas for both doses high liver uptake was observed. For the 50 μg 111In-ZEGFR:
n3:mentions
n2:19838701
Subject Item
_:vb9760240
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n3:Context
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In accordance, initial clinical imaging studies with 111In-labelled anti-EGFR mAb 225 showed high liver uptake, requiring relatively high mAb doses for imaging of EGFR expression [>>50<<].
n3:mentions
n2:1988695
Subject Item
_:vb9760241
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be easier for 68Ga-labelled Nanobodies directed against targets that show predominantly expression in the tumour, as was recently illustrated in PET imaging studies with 68Ga-labelled Affibody ABY-002 directed against the HER2 receptor [>>35<<].
n3:mentions
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